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Description
Flashcards by hermes6034, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by hermes6034
about 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Topic one | Diet and Exercise |
| What does balanced diet contain? | Carbohydrates Proteins Fats/Lipids Vitamins and Minerals Fibre Water |
| What is malnourishment? | Where someone doesn't have all of the required forms of sustenance for a balanced diet. |
| What factors increase average energy intake? | Male Young (Teenager) Active Cold enviroment |
| What factors decrease average energy intake? | Female Older (+65) Inactive Warm envrioment |
| What is metabolic rate? | The rate that chemical reactions take place in the body, specifically in the cytoplasm. |
| Topic two | Weight problems |
| Underweight Being underweight can lead to a variety of problems, like deficiency diseases which are due to a lack of vitamins and minerals. What causes someone to become underweight? | Being underweight can be caused by a number of things: Lack of food Anorexia |
| Obesity This happens when you take in more energy than you need, it is then stored as fat. What are the negative side effects of obesity? | Negative side effects of this include: Arthritis High blood pressure Heart disease Type two diabetes |
| How does one lose weight? | Reduce energy intake Increase energy output (For best results, combine both) |
| Topic three | Inheritance, Exercise and Health |
| What do people inherit? | Physical characteristics, like eye colour, are not all you inherit from you parents, you also inherit things like metabolic rate. |
| Cholesterol is used for, making cell membranes and making hormones How many types of cholestrol are there? | There are two forms of cholesterol LDL (Which can cause medical problems,) and HDL (a much healthier variant) |
| What effect does exercise on health? | Can help lose weight Consistent exercise can increase your metabolic rate Can balance cholesterol levels |
| Topic Four | Pathogens and Disease |
| What is a pathogen? | A pathogen is a microorganism that causes an infectious disease. |
| Who was Semmelweis, and what was his contribution towards stopping the spread of pathogens? | Semmelweis was a doctor in the 1850s, he advised doctors and nurses to wash their hands in between patients to reduce the spread of pathogens. |
| What is a bacteria? | A bacteria is a single celled organism that reproduces and produces toxins to kill off cells. |
| What is a virus? | A virus is a microorganism even smaller than a bacterium, it infiltrates cells and destroys them by filling them with it's duplicates. |
| Topic five | Defence mechanisms |
| Droplet infection | Pathogens released into the air through coughs and sneezes. |
| Direct contact | Contact with skin |
| Contaminated | Undercooked meat or dirty water |
| Break in the skin | Pathogens enter through a cut, or unclean equipment |
| What are your bodies main defences? | Skin: a barrier to prevent entry. Scabs: If the skin is cut then blood clots to form a barrier. Lunges and tubes: produce mucus to trap pathogens. Stomach: Produces HCl which destroys pathogens. |
| White blood cell patrol units, what can they do? | They digest them, they produce antibodies, they produce antitoxins, |
| Topic Six | Using drugs to treat disease |
| What do painkillers actually do? (e.g. paracetamol) | Painkillers deal with the symptoms of the problem, not the problem itself, (e.g. sore throats and headaches) |
| What do antibiotics do? (e.g. penicillin) | These drugs are used to treat bacterial infections, they kill the bacterial cells without damaging the patient's cells. (Antibiotics don't work on viruses because they hide within our cells) |
| Topic seven | Growing and investigating bacteria |
| Why do it? | Scientists culture microorganisms in labs so we can learn their weaknesses and come up with more efficient medicine to combat them. |
| What is mutation? | Mutation is a change in the bacteria's DNA which can cause a pathogen to grow and become more dangerous/effective. |
| Steps in inoculation, (Growing bacteria) | 1 Sterilised equipment before hand. 2 Place inoculating loop through the bunsen flame. 3 Place loop in bacteria culture and then streak across agar plate 4 Seal the lip with tape, but not completely as that will lead to anaerobic conditions which will allow the bacteria to mutate. 5 Then incubate |
| Why is overusing antibiotics dangerous? | Overusing antibiotics is dangerous because microorganisms can evolve past them if exposed to them to often. |
| Topic eight | Immunity |
| How do you make someone immune to a pathogen? | 1 A dead or weakened pathogen is injected to the patient. 2 This triggers an immune response, your white blood cells start creating possible antibodies until it hits the right one. 3 This way if the patient meets this same pathogen again than the WBC's can respond much quicker and create the right antigens. |
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