5082055
Description
Flashcards by Mel Hughes , updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Mel Hughes
about 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What's a balanced diet? B1.1 | A balanced diet contains the correct amounts of all the nutrients needed for healthy functioning of the body. |
| What do carbohydrates, fat and protein do to the body? B1.1 | They release energy and build cells |
| What is meant by metabolic rate and what factors affect the rate? B1.1 | Metabolic rate is a measure of how quickly the chemical reactions in cells release energy from food. Exercise/proportion of fat to muscle/inherited factors affect the rate. |
| If you exercise more, what happens to the body? (refer to metabolic rate and chemical reactions) B1.1 | If you exercise, more energy is used by the body. Exercise increases the metabolic rate, which means that the chemical reactions in cells work faster. |
| The more exercise you take, the more (....) you need B1.1 | Food |
| Define malnourished B1.1 | Not eating enough food or not eating enough healthy food |
| What can obesity lead to? (give example) B1.2 | Health problems such as Type 2 diabetes (high blood sugar) |
| What does exercise do to the body? B1.2 | Helps keep the body healthy |
| How can you reduce weight problems? B1.2 | Eating less carbohydrate and increasing the amount of exercise you do |
| Why do starving people find it difficult to walk about? B1.2 | They either have too little energy or may have a deficieny disease due to lack of vitamins or minerals |
| What happens to your body if you take in too much energy or vitamins? B1.2 | You become malnourished by either gaining weight or developing a disease. |
| How can people change their lifestyle to help lower their blood cholesterol level? B1.3 | They can increase exercise or reduce saturated fat income. |
| Why does eating too much make you put on weight? B1.3 | The food contains energy, and any excess energy is stored |
| How do pathogens make you feel ill? B1.4 | Pathogens produce toxins which damage cells. |
| Why did it take so long for others to accept the ideas of Semmelwiess? B1.4 | No one knew about bacteria or viruses. |
| What is a pathogen? B1.4 | Microorganisms that cause infectious disease |
| What happens when bacteria or viruses enter the body? B1.4 | They reproduce rapidly. They make you feel ill by producing toxins |
| What do viruses do? B1.4 | They reproduce inside cells and damage them. |
| How are many pathogens prevented from entering the body? B1.5 | The skin stops them (also mucus and stomach acid) |
| How do white blood cells defend the body? B1.5 | (1) ingest pathogens (2) produce antibodies (3) produce antitoxins |
| Why are antibiotics only able to kill bacteria? B1.6 | Viruses are inside the body cells. |
| What do antibiotics do? B1.6 | Kill infective bacteria in the body but DON'T have an effect on viruses |
| What do medicines do? B1.6 | Relive symptoms of a disease but don't kill the pathogens that cause it |
| How do antibiotics kill bacterial diseases? B1.6 | Killing the bacterial inside your body |
| Why are viruses difficult to destroy? B1.6 | They reproduce inside body cells |
| How do you keep a bacterial culture pure? B1.7 | Microorganisms from the air must be killed or prevented from entering the culture |
| Why do industrial laboratories use 35 degrees Celsius instead of 25 degrees Celsius as in schools? B1.7 | The bacteria will grow at a faster rate. |
| How do you make sure unwanted microorganisms do not contaminate a pure culture of bacteria? B1.7 | Heat all equipment, boil solutions and cover Petri dishes or flasks. |
| What can be grown on agar jelly? B1.7 | Bacteria |
| How do you keep a culture pure? B1.7 | -Kill all the bacteria on the equipment -pass metal loops through a flame; boil solutions and agar -Prevent microorganisms from the air getting into the equipment -Seal lid of petri dish with tape -Replace lid on dish quickly |
| Why do pathogens spread rapidly? B1.8 | Very few people are immune to the new pathogen. |
| How does natural selection cause resistant population of bacteria to develop? B1.8 | The antibiotics kill the non-resistant strains which allows the resistant ones to survive and to multiply (no competition). |
| What is meant by vaccination? B1.9 | Injection of a dead or inactive pathogen to stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies. |
| What do vaccines contain? B1.9 | Dead or inactive pathogens |
| What do vaccines do? B1.9 | Encourage your white blood cells to produce antibodies that destroy the pathogens |
| What are the advantages and disadvantages of vaccination? B1.10 | Advantages - protects the individual and society from serious diseases which may cause death Disadvantages - May cause side affects in a few people |
| Why is it necessary to develop new medicines? B1.10 | Some pathogens are resistant to drugs. New pathogens arise by mutation. |
| Give three reasons to explain why a person may be malnourished. B1.1 | (1) they may take in too much energy, (2) they may have too little food and (3) particular nutrients maybe missing from their diet. |
| Give three factors that affect how much energy a person needs. B1.3 | Size of the person, sex of the person, the amount of exercise they do, the outside temperature, pregnancy, breastfeeding. |
| Why is it difficult to produce medicines to destroy viruses? B1.6 | Viruses produce inside body cells. The drug would also damage the cells or tissues. |
| How are the ideas of Semmelweis used in modern hospitals? B1.4 | Everyone in a hospital should wash their hands or use hand gels to prevent transfer of pathogens. |
| What is meant by mutation of a pathogen? B1.4 | A mutation is a change in a gene. |
| How is a pandemic different from an epidemic? B1.8 | A pandemic occurs when a disease spreads between different countries, an epidemic occurs within one country. |
| Why don't doctors given antibiotics for mild throat infections? B1.8 | Mild throat infections can get better quickly without antibiotics. Overuse of antibiotics results in the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria. |
| Explain how bacteria develop antibiotic resistance. B1.8 | Some bacteria mutate and become resistant to an antibiotic. Antibiotics kill the non-resistant strains. The resistant strains multiply. Each time antibiotics are used more of the resistant strain survive until the whole population of bacteria is resistant to the antibiotic. |
| How does a person develop immunity following vaccination? B1.9 | White blood cells respond to the vaccine by producing antibodies. If the body is infected with the pathogen, the white blood cells respond quickly by producing more antibodies. |
| Reflex B2 KW | Rapid automatic response of the nervous system that does not involve conscious thought. |
| Synapse B2 KW | The gap between neurons where the transmission of information is chemical rather than electrical. |
| Reflex arc B2 KW | The sense organ, sensory neuron, relay neuron, motor neuron, and effector organ which bring about a reflex action. |
| Menstrual cycle B2 KW | The reproductive cycle in women controlled by hormones. |
| FSH B2 KW | Follicle stimulating hormone, the female hormone that stimulates the eggs to mature in the ovaries, and the ovaries to produce hormones including oestrogen. |
| Pituitary gland B2 KW | Small gland in the brain which produces a range of hormones control in the body functions. |
| Oestrogen B2 KW | Female sex hormone which stimulates the lining of the womb to build up in preparation for a pregnancy. |
| Ovary B2 KW | Female sex organ which contains the eggs and produces sex hormones during the menstrual cycle. |
| Ovulation B2 KW | Ovulation B2 KW |
| Kidney B2 KW | Organ which filters the blood and removes urea, excess salts and water. |
| Enzyme B2 KW | Protein molecule that acts as a biological catalyst. |
| Pancreas B2 KW | An organ that produces the hormone insulin abd may digest enzymes. |
| Phototropism B2 KW | The response of a plant to light, controlled by auxin. |
| Gravitropism B2 KW | Response of a plant to the force of gravity controlled by auxin. |
| Auxin B2 KW | A plant hormone that controls the responses of plant to light and to gravity. |
| What sitimuli are detected by the sense organs? B2.1 | Light,sound, chemicals, touch, pain and temperature changes |
| How do impuses pass from the receptor to the central nervous system? B2.1 | By electrical impulses that go along a sensory neuron How do impuses pass from the receptor to the central nervous system? |
| What is the function of a relay neuron? B2.2 | It links the sensory neuron and motor neuron |
| Which hormones are made in the pituitary gland? B2.3 | FSH and LH (Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone) Which hormones are made in the pituitary gland? |
| Which hormone is inhibited by the contraceptive pill but is given in fertility treatment? B2.4 | FSH |
| Why is it important to control our body temperature? B2.5 | So that the enzymes work properly |
| Why do shoots bend towards light? B2.6 | Unequal distribution of auxin causes unequal growth of the shoot |
| What are the ethical concerns about using fertility drugs? B2.7 | Much older women have babies. Extra embryos may be produced and stored. |
| Why is it important to use hormones correctly in agriculture? B2.7 | The hormones may kill trees or other plants as well as weeds |
| Name the two main types of effector in the human body. B2.1 | Glands and muscles |
| What are neurones? B2.1 | Nerve cells which are found in nerves -They carry electrical impulses. |
| Name three stimuli which affect humans. B2.1 | Three of: light, sound, chemicals, touch, pain and temperature. |
| What effect does oestrogen have on FSH production? B2.3 | LH is also produced by the pituitary gland and it causes the egg to be released at about the middle of the menstrual cycle. Oestrogen is produced in the ovaries and stimulates the pituitary gland to produce more LH. It also inhibits the further production of FSH. B2.3 |
| Where is FSH produced and how do they affect other hormones? B2.3 | Made by the pituitary gland. Causes the egg to mature and oestrogen to be produced. |
| Where is oestrogen produced and how do they affect other hormones? B2.3 | Produced by the ovaries. Inhibits (stops) the further production of FSH. Stimulates the production of LH and also stimulates the womb lining to develop to receive the fertilised egg. |
| Where is LH produced and how do they affect other hormones? B2.3 | Made by the pituitary gland. Stimulates the mature egg to be released from the ovary (ovulation). |
| State two internal conditions that need to be controlled. B2.5 | Water, mineral ions, temperature and sugar |
| How are impulses transmitted across a synapse? B2.2 | By means of a chemical |
| What type of cell detects a change in the environment? B2.5 | Receptor |
| Name a plant hormone. B2.6 | Auxin |
| What is a Gravitropism? B2.6 | Response of a root to gravity |
| Describe the sequence of events in a reflex action. B2.2 | Stimulus - receptor - sensory neuron - relay neuron - motor neuron - effector - response |
| Placebo B2 KW | A substance used in clinical trials which does not contain any drug at all. |
| Double-blind trial B2 KW | A drug trial in which neither the patient nor the doctor knows if the patient is receiving the new drug or a placebo |
| Thalidomide B2 KW | A drug that caused deformities in the fetus when given to pregnant women to prevent morning sickness |
| Statin B2 KW | Drug which lowers the blood cholesterol levels and improves the balance of HDL's to LDL |
| Depression B2 KW | A mental illness that involves feelings of great sadness that interfere with everyday life. |
| Drugs B2 KW | A chemical which causes changes in the body. Medical drugs cure disease or relieve symptoms. Recreational drugs alter the state of your mind and/or body. |
| Withdrawal symptom B2 KW | The symptom experienced by a drug addict when they do no get the drug to which they are addicted. |
| Steroid B2 KW | Drug that is used illegally by some athletes to build muscle and improve performance |
| Why is it important to test new drugs? B3.1 | To find out if they work, if they are toxic, to find the best dose and for side effects |
| Why do doctors prescribe statins? B3.2 | To reduce cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease |
| Why should herbal remedies be tested in a double-blind trial? B3.2 | To check that they work ass well as a tested drug like Prozac |
| Why are some drugs addictive? B3.3 | They change the bodies chemistry |
| Why is it easy to become addicted to recreational drugs? B3.4 | They affect the nervous system, particularly the brain. |
| Why do some athletes take drugs to improve their performance? B3.6 | The drugs help their muscles which helps them win. |
| Why was thalidomide given to pregnant women many years ago? B3.1 | It was found to be useful to treat morning sickness |
| Why is thalidomide never given to pregnant women nowadays? B3.1 | It caused limb abnormalities in babies whose mothers were treated when pregnant |
| Name two very addictive drugs. B3.3 | Cocaine and heroin |
| What is meant by recreational drugs? B3.4 | Drugs which are taken by pleasure rather than to cure a disease or symptom |
| What is meant by double blind trial? B3.2 | Neither the doctor nor the patient know who has been given the drug or the placebo. |
| What condition is caused in many teenagers who smoke cannabis? B3.5 | Depression which is a mental health problem |
| Which parts of the body is affected by recreational drugs? B3.4 | The brain, nervous system and the liver |
| What is meant by an 'adaptation'? B4.1 | Special features of organisms |
| What is meant by an 'extremophile'? B4.1 | Microorganisms which are adapted to live in conditions where enzymes won't usually work because they would denature. |
| Why do large animals find it difficult to cool down? B4.2 | Bigger animals have smaller surface areas compared to their volume. This means that they can conserve energy more easily but it is also more difficult to cool down. |
| MATHS SKILL B4.2 | Larger organisms have a smaller surface area: volume (SA:V) ratio. The SA : V of a cube with sides 1 cm long is 6: 1. |
| Give three ways a plant can conserve water? B4.3 | -Extensive roots - Waxy leaves - Small leaves - Water storage in stems |
| Why do animals need territory? B4.4 | An animals territory will be large enough to find water, food and have space for breeding. |
| Why do plants try to spread their seeds as far as possible? B4.5 | So they don't compete with themselves |
| Name 3 non-living environmental factors B4.7 | Temperature, rainfall, light and oxygen levels |
| Competing strategies in plants B4 | Growing taller for light, Seed dispersal for area and different root systems for water and nutrients |
| How do extremophiles differ from normal organisms? B4 | They have adaptations enabling them to survive in extreme conditions of salt, temperature and pressure |
| The larger the animal the ... the SA:V ratio is B4 | Smaller |
| Why are so many animals in the artic large? B4 | The larger an animal is the smaller the surface area to volume ratio is (SA:V), if you have a smaller surface area than it means there is less places for thermal energy to escape from, so animals in the Artic are large because then they have a smaller SA:V which means that they lose less thermal energy through the skin |
| List three ways in which artic animals keep warm in the winter B4 | A small SA:V, blubber and a thick fur coat |
| Why do animals try to cool down without sweating in hot, dry conditions? B4 | There is little water to spare and sweating would mean that they lose water (which would be very hard to replace) |
| Why do some animals change coat colour in certain seasons? B4 | It gives them year round camouflage |
| Name four adaptions for hot, dry conditions B4 | Large SA:V ratio, thin fur, little fat and behaviour patterns to escape the heat of the day |
| How do plants lose water through their leaves? B4 | They lose it from the stomata trying to get gases for photosynthesis and respiration, as water vapour escapes |
| Name three plant adaptations for surviving in dry conditions? B4 | -Reducing the surface area of leaves -Having water storage tissues -Extensive root systems |
| Give one useful adaptation for a herbivore and one for a carnivore. B4 | A useful herbivore adaptation could be a wide range of tastes, a useful carnivore adaptation could be having long legs to run fast |
| What do plants compete with each other for? B4 | Light, water, nutrients and space to grow |
| How do the fluffy parachutes of the dandelion help the seeds to spread out? B4 | The seeds will be carried by the wind so will spread to another area |
| Which non-living environmental factor affects the distribution of polar bears? | The local climate |
| How do environmental changes happen? | Environmental changes can be caused by a number of living and non-living factors |
| Why are arctic foxes white in the winter? B4.2 | They are camouflaged against the snow and ice and their prey find it more difficult to see them. |
| Define adaption B4 | A feature which allows the organism to live in its normal environment |
| Why do large animals find it difficult to cool down? B4 | They have a small surface area to volume ratio |
| Give three ways a plant can conserve water? B4 | Small leaves, water storage in stems, curled leaves |
| Why do animals need territory? B4 | So that they can find enough food and water, they also need space to protect and rear their young |
| Why do plants try to spread there seeds as far as possible? B4 | To avoid competition for water, light and mineral ions |
| What is the advantage to the fig tree of attracting the right kind of fig wasp? B4 | The wasps pollinate the fig tree with the right sort of pollen |
| How are the star-nosed mole and Venus fly trap adapted for survival? B4 | The mole is sensitive to touch and smell so detects food underground. The venus fly trap is brightly coloured and produces sticky nectar to attract and trap flys |
| Why do some birds fly further north to find nesting sites? B4 | Climate change has caused it to become warm enough further north for the birds to nest and possibly too warm further south |
| State three things that plants compete for? B4 | Temperature, rainfall, light |
| Why are arctic foxes white in the winter? B4 | So they are camouflaged against the snow and ice and their prey find it more difficult to see them. |
| State the three possible ways a plant might conserve water B4 | Smaller leaves, water storage tissue, swollen stem |
| Why do warning colours prevent some animals being eaten? B4 | The colour signals that they are poisonous or have an awful taste |
| Why do some animals move north during the summertime and return south in the winter? B4 | The climate further south gets too warm in the summer. It is too cold for them in the northern winter |
| Why do some woodland plants grow and flower early in the year? B4 | So that they are able to use the sunlight to photosynthesis and grow. Once the trees have their leaves the smaller plants will receive much less light. They will also have more competition for water and nutrient from the soil as the trees begin to grow |
| Name an instrument which can record environmental change over a few weeks B4 | A data logger - a computer attached to sensors |
| What is the advantage for some predators to be camouflaged? B4 | So their prey find them more difficult to see. This means the predator can get closer to its prey before attacking. This makes them more successful at obtaining food |
| An elephant has a small surface area to volume ratio. How will this affect the elephant in hot climates? B4 | It will transfer energy slowly. This is why elephants have a folded skin which increases the total surface area and its large ears will also transfer energy effectively |
| A farmer plants some seeds in rows 10cm apart. The plants grow well. He wonders if he should plant them closer next year. Explain why this might not produce a better yield? B4 | When the plants are grown closer together there is more competition for light, water and nutrients. This means that individual plants may not grow as well an the overall yield is the same or lower |
| Suggest why some animals in a desert spend all day in a burrow and come out at night? B4 | To keep cool/ stay out of the sun and to feed. they are also less easily seen by a predator |
| Why is it difficult to interpret data about changes in the distribution of animals and plants? B4 | Loads of possible variables. Climate may be warmer but this might lead to other changes. E.g. if a plant flowers earlier in the year the insects that feed on it may not be around to pollinate the flowers. This could lead to a fall in the number of plants and also in the number of insects which would not be able to feed on the nectar |
| Why are plants always a the base of the pyramid of biomass? B5.1 | Plants capture light energy and transfer it to chemical energy, they make food which is then eaten by animals. Plants start the process of energy transfer in living organisms |
| Which process in cells releases energy from food materials? B5.2 | Respiration in cells releases energy from food |
| Give an example of a detritus feeder B5.3 | Worms |
| What is meant by a decomposer? B5.3 | Microorganisms that break down /digest waste materials from animals and plants or dead organisms |
| Which process takes carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere? B5.4 | Photosynthesis |
| Why do gardeners add worms to compost? B5.5 | Worms are detritus feeders and start the breakdown of the compost |
| Suggest why councils shred garden waste before putting it into big bins? B5.5 | Smaller pieces have a larger surface area for the microorganisms to 'attack' this will increase the rate of decomposition |
| What does the word 'biomass' mean? B5 | The mass of living material |
| What is meant by 'organic waste'? B5 | Waste from living organisms containing compounds |
| Which processes return carbon dioxide into the atmosphere? B5 | Respiration and combustion |
| How can energy wastage be reduced in a food chain? B5 | Reduce the number of stages. Carnivores have less energy available than herbivores who only eat plants |
| What is a sankey diagram? B5 | A type of graph with arrow shapes which shows total energy taken in and how it is transferred |
| Why does a compost heap get hot? B5 | The energy from respiration heats up the surroundings |
| Why do we normally eat herbivores rather than carnivores? B5 | There are less stages in the food chain. Eating plants is the most efficient way of feeding the world population, but if we want meat less energy is wasted by eating herbivores |
| What do we mean by a stable community in terms of recycling of nutrients? B5 | The processes that remove materials from the environment are balanced by processes that return these materials. Materials such as carbon are constantly recycled |
| When a calf eats grass, only about 30% of the material is turned into a new growth of the calf, what happens to the other 70%? B5 | There is undigested food in the faeces, urea is lost in the urine, the calf transfers energy to move around, the calf produces methane which is lost to the atmosphere, the energy released in respiration is eventually wasted heating the surroundings |
| Where are genes found? B6.1 | In the chromosomes |
| What do genes control? B6.1 | Genes control the development of characteristics |
| Explain which type of reproduction produces genetically identical offspring? B6.2 | Asexual reproduction, because there is only one parent |
| Explain which type of reproduction leads to a variation in the offspring? B6.2 | Sexual reproduction, because the offspring has genes from both the mother and the father |
| What are the two factors that control some of our characteristics? B6.3 | The genes we inherit and environmental causes |
| Name a quick, cheap way of cloning plants B6.4 | Taking cuttings from mature plants is a quick and cheap way of cloning |
| Why is it more difficult to successfully clone animals than plants? B6.4 | Animal embryos must be split into groups of cells and then each group is transplanted into a host mother. there have to be enough hosts and some embryos may die during development. It also takes longer for the animals to develop |
| Name the two cells needed in adult cell cloning B6.5 | An adult cell, such as skin cell, and an egg cell |
| What is used to cut genes out of chromosomes? B6.6 | Enzymes are used to cut genes out of chromosomes |
| Why do farmers grow GM crops? B6.7 | They will get a higher yield and therefore more money for their harvest |
| How is genetic information passed from parents to offspring? B6 | The nucleus of gametes cells contains the genetic material which is passed from parent to offspring |
| What is meant by a 'host' animal? B6 | A host animal is one in which a transplanted embryo develops |
| How are calf embryos cloned? B6 | After sexual reproduction, a single embryo is produced. Before the cells specialise the embryo is split into several groups of cells. Each group is transplanted into a different host mother. The calves born are all genetically identical |
| How long ago did life begin on Earth? B7.1 | 3 billion years ago |
| What name is given to Darwin's theory of evolution? B7.2 | Evolution by natural selection |
| Which birds did Darwin observe to find evidence for evolution? B7.2 | Finches on the Galapagos Islands |
| Why do organisms show a wide range of variation? B7.3 | Variation is due to differences in their genes |
| Why are mutated genes sometimes an advantage? B7.3 | If the environment changes the gene may control a characteristic which makes the organism better adapted to the conditions |
| What are the main kingdoms of living organisms? B7.4 | Animals, Plants, microorganisms |
| Why do biologists draw evolutionary trees? B7.4 | To show the relationships between organisms and whether they have common ancestors |
| What is meant by evolution? B7 | The idea that organisms have developed from simple life forms and evolved over time |
| What is the main difference between Lamarck's theory of evolution and Darwins Theory B7 | Lamarck suggested characteristics which develop during the lifetime of the organism could be passed on. Darwin said that organisms with the best characteristics survived to breed and the offspring inherited the characteristic |
| Why did it take so long for Dawrin's theory to be accepted? B7 | Scientists didn't have enough evidence and didn't know about genes some people believed that God made all the animals and plants to look the way they did. |
| Why do only some members of a population survive to breed? B7 | Organisms compete for things such as food or light if an organism is well adapted to it's environment it will survive. Poorly adapted ones die before they breed. |
| Why is there variation between members of the same species? B7 | If the offspring are produced by sexual reproduction then the genes of both parents are inherited in different combinations when the gametes fuse. |
| What is meant by the term survival of the fittest? B7 | This that are best adapted to their environment live long enough to breed the weaker ones may die before they breed. |
| What is meant by natural selection? B7 | Organisms which are best adapted breed and pass on their genes to the next generation |
| What is meant by the term species? B7 | Species are organisms which look very similar to each other and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring |
| Suggest three factors that could change in a habitat area causing problems for the organisms living there? | Climate - it could become hotter, colder, wetter or drier A new predator could move into the area A new disease may affect the population A new competitor for food |
| All species of living things have evolved from what? B7 | Simple life forms |
| What are evolutionary trees? B7 | Models that can be drawn to show the relationships between different groups of organisms |
| What are the main kingdoms of living organisms? B7 | Animals, Plants, microorganisms |
| Learn the sequence (4 words) evolution B7 | Best adapted -> survive -> breed -> pass on genes |
| Learn this sequence (6 words) Natural selection B7 | Mutation -> variation -> best adapted-> survival -> breed -> Genes passed onto offspring |
| What does classification do? B7 | Helps us to understand evolutionary and ecological relationships |
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