5296885
Description
Flashcards by superrichkids, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by superrichkids
almost 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Opening and closing frames | Various ways conversations start and end, often involving phatic talk. Formality of the context will influence how a conversation open and closes. Opening frames - "Hello, how are you?" Closing frames - "Better be off then" |
| Terms of address | Terms of address (names and titles) range from formal to informal, depending on the nature of the relationship between speakers |
| Turn taking | Taking turns to speak |
| Topic shifts and loops | Topic shift - changes in the subject of conversation Loops - where the previous subject is reintroduced |
| Overlaps and interruptions | When the speaker begins talking before another comes to the end of their turn |
| Smooth latchings | These occur when one speaker beings speaking just as another finishes |
| Adjacency pairs | Two part exchanges: - questions and answers - greetings and farewells - invitations and acceptance/refusals - requests and agreements/denials |
| Three-part exchanges | These occur when the first speakers asks a question which elicits a answer from the second speaker which further generates an utterance from the first speaker e.g: the typical teacher-pupil exchange - initiation/response/feedback (IRF) |
| Tag questions | Questions literally tagged on to the end of statements, e.g: "nice day, isn't it?" |
| The vocative | Term given to the use of someone's name or title when addressing them directly e,g: "Are you listening, Mark?" |
| Back-channelling | These include paralinguistic feedback and verbal responses to show the speaker they are being listened to |
| Monitoring features | Expressions which monitor the listener's understanding e.g: "you know what I mean?" |
| Discourse markers | Expressions speakers use to guide their listeners e.g: so, anyway, what's more Discourse markers can occur in monologic and dialogic speech |
| Comment clauses | Expressions that allow speakers to show feelings and attitudes towards what they are saying e.g: I think, I suppose, I'm delighted to say, I'm afraid etc. |
| Maxims | Quality Quantity Manner Relevance |
| Conversational implicature | Implied meaning of what we are saying |
| Conversational language and power and authority | Certain aspects of onversational language can be used to exert power and authority: - length of turn - amount of interruptions - who changes the topic setting, shifts and loops - who sets the topic - use of interrogatives (questions) - use of imperatives (orders) |
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