5339570
Description
Flashcards by Megan Cave, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Megan Cave
almost 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| BIOLOGY | CELLS, ORGANS AND POPULATIONS |
| WHAT ORGANELLES ARE IN A HUMAN CELL AND WHAT ARE THEIR FUNCTIONS? | 1) NUCLEUS- CONTAINS GENETIC MATERIAL 2) CYTOPLASM- CHEM REACTIONS (GEL) 3) CELL MEMBRANE- CONTROLS IN & OUT 4) MITOCHONDRIA- POWER HOUSE (RESPIRATION- ENERGY) 5) RIBOSOMES- PROTEINS ARE MADE HERE |
| WHAT ORGANELLES ARE IN PLANT CELLS AND WHAT ARE THEIR FUNCTIONS? | 1) ALL OF THE ANIMAL CELL ORGANELLES PLUS.. 2) CELL WALL- MADE OF CELLULOSE, SUPPORTS AND STRENGTHENS CELL 3) VACUOLE- CELL SAP, SUGAR AND SALTS 5) CHLOROPLASTS- WHERE PHOTOSYNTHESIS OCCURS (CHLOROPHYLL) |
| WHAT IS YEAST AND WHAT IS ITS ORGANELLES? | YEAST IS A SINGLE CELLED MICROORGANISM. 1) CELL MEMBRANE 2) CYTOPLASM 3) CELL WALL 4) NUCLEUS |
| WHAT IS BACTERIA AND WHAT IS ITS ORGANELLES? | BACTERIA IS A SINGLE CELLED MICROORGANISM 1) CELL MEMBRANE 2) CYTOPLASM 3) GENETIC MATERIAL 4) CELL WALL |
| WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF DIFFUSION? | DIFFUSION IS THE SPREADING OUT OF PARTICLES FROM A HIGH CONCENTRATION TO A LOW CONCENTRATION |
| HOW ARE LEAF CELLS ADAPTED FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS? | 1) THEY ARE PACKED WITH CHLOROPLAST FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2) TALL FOR A BIGGER SURFACE AREA 3) THIN SO THAT A LOT CAN BE PACKED INTO THE TOP |
| HOW ARE GUARD CELLS ADAPTED TO OPEN AND CLOSE PORES? | 1) WHEN A PLANT HAS LOTS OF WATER THE CELL OPENS SO GASES CAN BE EXCHANGED 2) WHEN NO WATER, CELL CLOSES TO STOP WATER LOSS 3) THIN OUTER AND THICK INNER WALLS 4) CLOSE @ NIGHT TO SAVE WATER |
| HOW ARE RED BLOOD CELLS ADAPTED TO CARRY OXYGEN? | 1) CONCAVE SHAPE GIVES A BIGGER SURFACE AREA 2) PACKED WITH HAEMOGLOBIN- PIGMENT ABSORBS O2 3) NO NUCLEUS SO MORE ROOM FOR HAEMOGLOBIN |
| WHAT IS A LARGE MULTICELLUAR ORGANISM? | LARGE MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS ARE ORGANISMS WHICH ARE MADE UP OF ORGAN SYSTEMS |
| WHAT ARE CELL SYSTEMS? | CELL SYSTEMS ARE A GROUP OF ORGANS THAT WORK TOGETHER TO CARRY OUT PARTICULAR FUNCTIONS |
| WHAT ARE BODY TISSUES? | TISSUES ARE A GROUP OF SIMILAR CELLS THAT WORK TOGETHER TO CARRY OUT A PARTICULAR FUNCTION |
| WHAT ARE ORGANS? | ORGANS ARE A GROUP OF DIFFERENT TISSUES THAT WORK TOGETHER TO FORM A PARTICULAR FUNCTION |
| WHAT IS THE MESOPHYLL TISSUES? | THIS IS WHERE MOST PHOTOSYNTHESIS OCCURS |
| WHAT DO THE XYLEM AND PHLOEM DO? ALSO WHAT IS EPIDERMAL TISSUE? | THEY TRANSPORT WATER, MINERAL IONS AND SUCROSE EPIDERMAL TISSUE COVERS THE WHOLE PLANT |
| WHAT IS THE EQUATION FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS? | CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER = GLUCOSE + OXYGEN |
| WHAT ARE THE THREE IMPORTANT FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS? | 1) THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT 2) THE VOLUME OF CARBON DIOXIDE 3) THE TEMPERATURE |
| HOW DON PLANTS USE GLUCOSE? | 1) FOR RESPIRATION 2) FOR MAKING CELL WALLS 3) FOR MAKING PROTEIN 4) TO STORE IN SEEDS 5) TO STORE AS STARCH |
| WHAT FACTORS AFFECT THE DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANISMS? | 1) TEMPERATURE 2) AVAILABILITY OF WATER 3) AVAILABILITY OF OXYGEN AND CO2 4) AVAILABILITY OF NUTRIENTS 5) AMOUNT OF LIGHT |
| HOW DO YOU USE A QUADRAT TO STUDY DISTRIBUTION | 1) RANDOMLY PLACE THE QUADRAT 2) COUNT ALL ORGANISMS WITHIN 3) REPEAT STEPS 4) WORK OUT MEAN- TOTAL NO. OF ORGANISMS DIVIDED BY NUMBER OF QUADRATS 5) REPEAT STEPS |
| HOW DO YOU WORK OUT POPULATION SIZE? | 1) WORK OUT THE MEAN OF ORGANISMS PER M*2 2) MULTIPLY MEAN BY TOTAL AREA |
| HOW DO YOU USE TRANSECTS? | 1) MARK OUT A LINE IN AREA WANTING TO USE WITH A TAPE MEASURE 2) COLLECT DATA AT RANDOM OR REGULAR INTERVALS ALONG THE LINE |
| BIOLOGY | ENZYMES AND GENETICS |
| WHAT ARE ENZYMES? | ENZYMES ARE CATALYSTS PRODUCED BY LIVING THINGS |
| WHAT IS A CATALYST? | CATALYSTS ARE SUBSTANCES WHICH SPEED UP THE RATE OF REACTION WITHOUT BEING USED UP THEMSELVES |
| WHAT IS THE LOCK AND KEY THEORY? | ENZYMES ARE SPECIFIC. ONLY MOLECULES WITH THE CORRECT SHAPE CAN FIT INTO THE ENZYME. JUST LIKE ONLY ONE KEY CAN OPEN A LOCK, ONLY ONE TYPE OF ENZYME CAN SPEED UP A CERTAIN REACTION. THIS IS THE LOCK AND KEY THEORY. |
| WHY DO ENZYMES NEED TO HAVE THE RIGHT TEMPERATURE AND PH? | ENZYMES NEED TO BE AT THE RIGHT TEMPERATURE AND PH OR THEY WILL BECOME DENATURED AND WILL NO LONGER WORK |
| WHICH MOLECULES NEED TO BE BROKEN INTO SMALLER MOLECULES IN ORDER TO BE DIGESTED? | 1) PROTEINS 2) STARCH 3) FATS |
| WHAT DOES STARCH CONVERT INTO, HOW AND WHERE IS IT MADE? | AMYLASE CONVERTS STARCH INTO MALTOSE IT IS MADE IN: 1) THE SALIVARY GLANDS 2) THE PANCREAS 3) THE SMALL INTESTINE |
| WHAT DOES PROTEIN CONVERT INTO, HOW AND WHERE IS IT MADE? | PROTEASE CONVERTS STARCH INTO AMINO ACIDS IT IS MADE IN: 1) THE STOMACH 2) THE PANCREAS 3) THE SMALL INTESTINE |
| WHAT DOES FAT (LIPID) CONVERT INTO, HOW AND WHERE IS IT MADE? | LIPASE TURNS LIPIDS INTO GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACIDS IT IS MADE IN: 1) THE PANCREAS 2) THE SMALL INTESTINE |
| WHAT DOES BILE DO IN THE STOMACH AND WHERE IS IT PRODUCED? | BILE NEUTRALIZES STOMACH ACID AND EMULSIFY'S FATS IT IS PRODUCED IN THE LIVER AND STORED IN THE GALL BLADDER |
| WHAT IS RESPIRATION? | RESPIRATION IS THE PROCESS OF RELEASING ENERGY FROM GLUCOSE AND OCCURS IN EVERY CELL |
| WHAT IS AEROBIC RESPIRATION AND ITS EQUATION? | AEROBIC RESPIRATION IS RESPIRATION USING OXYGEN. IT IS THE MOST EFFICIENT. GLUCOSE + OXYGEN = CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER + ENERGY |
| WHAT DOES RESPIRATION RELEASE ENERGY FOR? | 1) TO BUILD LARGER MOLECULES FROM SMALLER ONES 2) TO ALLOW MUSCLES TO CONTRACT 3) IN MAMMALS AND BIRDS TO KEEP THEIR BODY TEMPERATURE STEADY 4) IN PLANTS TO BUILD SUGARS ETC INTO AMINO ACIDS. |
| WHAT DOES EXERCISE DO TO THE HEART AND BREATHING RATE AND WHY? | EXERCISE INCREASES THE HEART RATE AND BREATHING RATE TO MEET THE DEMAND OF OXYGEN INTO THE BODY AND TO THE MUSCLES |
| HOW IS GLYCOGEN USED DURING EXERCISE? | 1) GLUCOSE FROM FOOD IS STORED AS GLYCOGEN 2) EACH MUSCLE HAS ITS OWN STORE 3) DURING EXERCISE, MUSCLES USE LOTS OF GLUCOSE AND SO STORED GLYCOGEN IS CONVERTED TO GLUCOSE TO PROVIDE ENERGY |
| WHAT IS ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION AND WHAT IS ITS EQUATION? | ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IS USED IF THERE'S NOT ENOUGH OXYGEN. IT IS THE INCOMPLETE BREAKDOWN OF GLUCOSE WHICH PRODUCED LACTIC ACID GLUCOSE = ENERGY + LACTIC ACID |
| WHAT IS OXYGEN DEBT? | WHEN YOU HAVE TO REPAY THE OXYGEN THAT YOU DIDN'T GET TO YOUR MUSCLES IN TIME BECAUSE THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DIDN'T CATCH UP. YOU HAVE TO BREATHE HARDER AFTER EXERCISE SO THAT MORE OXYGEN IN THE BLOOD CAN OXIDE LACTIC ACID INTO CO2 AND H2O |
| HOW ARE | 1) IN BIOLOGICAL DETERGENTS (MAINLY PROTEASE AND LIPASE) 2) TO CHANGE FOODS E.G. BABY FOOD- EASIER TO DIGEST 3) IN INDUSTRY TO SPEED UP RATE OF REACTION |
| ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ENZYMES IN INDUSTRY | + THEY'RE SPECIFIC + LOWER TEMP AND PRESSURES + WORK FOR A LONG TIME + BIODEGRADABLE - CAN BE ALLERGIC - CAN BE DENATURED - EXPENSIVE TO PRODUCE - CONTAMINATION CAN AFFECT REACT |
| WHAT IS DNA? | DNA IS DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID AND IT CONTAINS ALL GENETIC INFOMATION FOR AN ORGANISM. IT IS FOUND IN THE CHROMOSOMES IN THE NUCLEUS |
| WHAT IS A GENE? | A GENE IS A CODE TO MAKE A SPECIFIC PROTEIN |
| WHAT IS MITOSIS? | MITOSIS IS WHEN A CELL REPRODUCES ITSELF BY SPLITTING TO FROM TWO IDENTICAL OFFSPRING YOU HAVE TWO IDENTICAL CELLS |
| WHAT IS MEIOSIS? | MEIOSIS PRODUCES CELLS WHICH HAVE HALF THE NORMAL NUMBERS OF CHROMOSOMES YOU GET FOUR GAMETES AT THE END WITH ONLY A SINGLE SET OF CHROMOSOMES EACH |
| WHAT ARE STEM CELLS? | STEM CELLS ARE UNDIFFERENTIATED CELLS THAT ARE CAPABLE OF TURNING INTO ANY TYPE OF CELL |
| WHAT ARE X AND Y CHROMOSOMES. WHAT COMBINATION DETERMINES IF YOU ARE MALE OR FEMALE? | X AND Y CHROMOSOMES ARE THE 23RD CHROMOSOMES THAT DETERMINE WHAT GENDER YOU ARE. ALL MEN HAVE X AND Y CHROMOSOMES ALL WOMEN HAVE X X CHROMOSOMES |
| WHO IS GREGOR MENDEL, WHAT DID HE DO AND HOW? | MENDEL WAS AN AUSTRIAN MONK WHO DID GENETIC EXPERIMENTS WITH PEA PLANTS. HE NOTED HOW CHARACTERISTICS WERE PASSED DOWN. |
| WHAT DID HE CONCLUDE AND WHY DIDN'T PEOPLE BELIEVE HIM? | HE CONCLUDED THAT CHARACTERISTICS WERE DETERMINED BY HEREDITARY UNITS WHICH ARE PASSED ON FROM BOTH PARENTS. UNITS CAN BE DOMINANT OR RECESSIVE NOONE KNEW ABOUT DNA OR GENES |
| HOW IS CYSTIC FIBROSIS CAUSED? | 1) IT IS CAUSED BY A RECESSIVE ALLELE 2) PEOPLE WITH ONLY ONE COPY ARE CARRIERS (1 IN 25) 3) THERE IS A 1 IN 4 CHANCE OF A CHILD HAVING IT IF BOTH PARENTS ARE CARRIERS |
| HOW IS POLYDACTYLY CAUSED? | 1) IT IS CAUSED BY A DOMINATE GENE AND CAN BE INHERITED IF ONLY ONE PARENT CARRIES THE GENE 2) THERE IS A 50% CHANCE IF ONE PARENT HAS THE GENE |
| WHAT ARE FOSSILS AND WHY CAN'T HYPOTHESIZES BE PROVED? | FOSSILS ARE THE REMAINS OF ORGANISMS THEY PROVE THAT THERE WAS LIVE THOUSANDS OF YEARS AGO AND CAN SHOW HOW ORGANISMS DEVELOPED HYPOTHESIZES CANNOT BE PROVED AS MANY ORGANISMS WERE SOFT BODIED, FOSSIL RECORDS ARE INCOMPLETE |
| WHAT IS EXTINCTION AND WHY DOES IT HAPPEN? | EXTINCTION CAN HAPPY DUE TO: 1) ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES 2) A NEW PREDATOR KILLS THEM 3) A NEW DISEASE 4) THEY CANT COMPETE WITH EACH-OTHER 4) A CATASTROPHIC EVENT 5) A NEW SPECIES DEVELOPES |
| WHAT IS SPECIATION? | SPECIATION IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW SPECIES. SPECIATION OCCURS WHEN POPULATIONS OF THE SAME SPECIES BECOME SO DIFFERENT THAT THEY CANNOT BREED FERTILE OFFSPRING |
| WHAT IS ISOLATION? | ISOLATION IS WHEN POPULATIONS ARE SEPARATED E.G. TO A PHYSICAL BARRIER. CONDITIONS WILL BE DIFFERENT AND SO DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS BECOME MORE COMMON |
| WHAT IS NATURAL SELECTION? | NATURAL SELECTION IS: 1) EACH POPULATION SHOWS VARIATION BECAUSE OF DIFFERENT ALLELES 2) INDIVIDUALS WITH BETTER ADAPTED CHARACTERISTICS HAVE A BETTER CHANCE OF SURVIVAL 3) ALLELES THAT CONTROL BETTER CHARACTERISTICS ARE PASSED ON |
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