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| Question | Answer |
| Outline Initiation of addiction | - Genetics factors predisposition you to add - Genetic abnormality Ini chances of add compared to those without abn - Involve genes that regulate dopamine - Fault reduces DA receptors (less sensitive to rewards) - Seek extra stimulation by engaging in add behav -SMOKING, those who don't possess SLC6A3-9 gene are at a greater risk of smoking - GAMBLING, A1 variant if DRD2 inc risk of starting to gamble, 50% of gamb possess this abnormality |
| How you can remember SLC6A3-9? | Smokers Love Cigarettes 6 Add 3 - 9 |
| Outline Maintenance of addiction | - Tolerance: add behav cont and inc to achieve same lvl of reward as before - Add causes firing of DA which is rewarding - Neuro-adaptation occurs, DA receptors are less sensitive to effects of add behav (specifically known as down-regulation) - I.e. add behav cont and inc to receive same lvl - SMOKING, nicotine. Smoke enough to keep nicotine levels high to maintain happy feelings (Shachter: heavy smokers smoked on avg 25% more low nicotine than high cigs) - GAMBLING, winning releases DA. Keep gamb to keep high lvls of euphoria (releases endorphin + in DA) (Potenza: gamb have abnormal blood flow in brain areas associated with behav control and decision making - Main caused by neural inability to stop) |
| Outline Relapse of addiction | - Avoid unpleasant withdrawal symptoms - Because of neuro-adaptation, quitting further dec DA - Relapse occurs in order to remove unpleasant symptoms - SMOKING, stress and anxiety. Have cig to relax - GAMBLING, similar to withdrawal symptoms, less severe than chemical add though - Withdrawing creates a feeling of depression, removed by placing another bet |
| Evaluate Bio model (no IDA) | + SUPPORTING: Thorgeirsson gene variant at two points on chromosome 15 more common in smokers. +ive correlation between genetic variant and no of cigs. Black 1st deg relatives of path gamb were more likely to gamb themselves compared to distant relatives |
| ISSSUE OR DEBATE OF BIO MODEL - state the IDA | REDUCTIONISM DETERMINISM |
| REDUCTIONISM/HOLISM | TAKE A REDUCTIONIST APPROACH Reduces complex add behav to basic, fundamental level - result of inherited genes. + Parsimonious, as it can be tested empirically through brain scans, making it scientific - Over-simplified, fail to consider other factors eg environmental factors: Volkow, raised in environments lacking stimulation |
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