5453969
Description
Flashcards by Maya Khangura, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Maya Khangura
almost 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What can be classed as Henry's early and middle years? | 1509-40 |
| What was Henrys approach to government in this period? | Henry liked to have an overview of his government but was happy for others to do the boring work for him |
| Which group did the work for Henry? | his Royal Council/chosen ministers |
| What consequence did this have on his style of government? | Varied throughout his reign |
| What happened with Henry and Parliament why? | A major overhaul of relations- Henry's concern for a son to succeed him |
| Before the 1530's what was there little to suggest?that Henry VIII’s view of the role of Parliament differed from his fathers | That Henry VIII’s view of the role of Parliament differed from his fathers |
| What two main functions of the parliament remained? | grant extraordinary revenue to the crown pass laws |
| What could the Parliaments also do? | Parliaments could also advise the monarch- although both monarchs never used this |
| Before 1529 how many times had Henry summoned his parliament? (years) | 4 times in 1510 1512 1515 1523 (this was the end of wolsey in 1529) |
| What was his first ministers opinion of parliament? | only calling one parliament during his period of dominance |
| What years was Wolsey's period of dominance? | 1514-29 |
| When was the first parliament called and why? | Jan-Feb 1510 Abolished the Council Learned in the Law |
| When was the second parliament called and why? | Feb 1512- March 1514 Provided revenue for invasions of France and Scotland |
| When was the third parliament called and why? | Feb 1513-December 1515 Act restricting benefit of the clergy not renewed despite the anticlerical view of the House of Commons |
| When was the fourth parliament called and why? | April 1523-Aug 1523 Provided revenue for invasion of France Speaker of the House of Commons, Sir Thomas More, made the first plea for freedom of speech for MP’s Level of anticlericalism reduced |
| When was the fifth parliament called and why? | Nov 1529- Apr 1536 ‘Reformation parliament’ |
| When was the sixth parliament called and why? | June 1536-July 1536 Called to enact a new Succession Act following the fall of Anne Boleyn |
| When was the seventh parliament called and why? | April 1539- July 1540 Provided revenue, produced divergent religious legislation (dissolution of the greater monasteries and the Six Articles Act) |
| When was the eighth parliament called and why? | Jan 1542- March 1544 Provided revenue for invasions of Scotland and France , dealt with the issue of succession |
| When was the ninth parliament called and why? | Nov 1545-Jan 1547 Provided revenue |
| What is evident that Henry used parliament for in the first part of his reign? | Followed the pattern associated with his father The primary reason for calling Parliament was to secure revenue |
| What was different to Wolsey's and Cromwell's approach to parliament? | Wolsey seemed reluctant to use parliament whereas Thomas Cromwell exploited the legislative possibilities more |
| What is the conciliar approach to government? | decisions are made by a council |
| When was this adopted until in Henry's reign? | at the start of Henry’s reign till 1514 |
| What factors ended the conciliar approach? (4) | 1) Henry became annoyed with some of his father’s senior councillors 2) As he became more aware, he wanted to control decision making 3)Henry surrounded himself with like minded people who reinforced his suspicions of the ‘old guard’ 4)He became particularly impressed by the organisational skills of Thomas Wolsey , whose contribution to the effective management of the French campaign earned him royal gratitude |
| Why was Henry annoyed at some of his fathers senior councillors? | Their reluctance to support going a war with France |
| Who emerged as a dominant figure at the end- why? (3) | Wolsey 1) He had the ability to give the King precisely what he wanted 2) His influence mainly came from his closeness with the King rather than his formal position 3) He worked well with Henry’s ‘hands off’ approach to the details of policy making |
| What were Wolsey's main concerns? (5) | 1)the management of the church 2) the conduct of foreign relations 3) the legal system 4) the formulation of domestic policy 5) political decision making |
| What was the Privy chamber before? | An area of government that was not controlled by Wolsey before 1519 |
| When was the Privy Chamber established? | The Privy Chamber was established during the reign of Henry VII |
| What process transformed the status of the Privy Chamber during Henry VII's reign? | Role was extended in the early years of Henry VIII’s reign when his ‘minions’ became Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber |
| What was clear about the privy chamber? | It was clear that the minions did not trust Wolsey who’s aim was was to neutralise their influence |
| What did Wolsey do to combat this? | In 1519 he removed the minions and replaced them with his own supporters |
| Was this successful? | No- most of them managed to regain their positions |
| What did the Privy Chamber retain? | Some of its prestige and influence and was one part of the government that was outside Wolsey’s control |
| What years was the domestic policy under Wolsey's influence? | 1514-29 |
| What were key parts of this? | Court of chancery Court of star chamber Finance- tudor subsidiary and The Eltham Ordinances |
| What is a chancery? | The main court of equity- justice was based on applying on principle of equity (fairness rather than strict reading of law) |
| What was Wolsey's role? | Not a trained lawyer but Lord Chancellor responsible for overseeing the legal system |
| What did he have the right to do? (2) | Control over the court of chancery (the main court of equity) and tried to uphold fair justice |
| What did he use the courts to do? | Deal with problems relating to enclosure, contracts and land left to others in wills |
| What was the main problem with the court of Chancery? | Became too popular and justice was slow since it became clogged up with too many cases |
| What was the court of star chamber regarded as? | Wolsey’s most distinctive legal contribution |
| When was established, what by, what was it? | Established by the Act of Parliament 1487 as an offshoot to the King’s council |
| What did it become? | The centre of both government and justice under Wolsey |
| What did Wolsey do to the chamber, what was his motive-why? | expanded the star chamber form 1516 increase cheap and fair justice- after he heard cases of misconduct by people who were dominant in their localities |
| What did he also encourage- was it successful? | encouraged the use for private lawsuits This was too successful |
| What did he have to set up because of this? (2- one year) | ‘overflow tribunals’ to deal with the business Permanent committee was set up in 1519 |
| What was this committee? | An ancestor to the later court of requests- who dealt with the poor |
| What was expected under Henry VIII? | It was expected that taxpayers, including the nobility would provide extraordinary taxation (parliamentary taxation) when required |
| How was this most effectively achieved? | raising subsidies |
| What are subsidies? | a grant issued by Parliament to sovereign for State needs |
| What did Wolsey do with subsides? | Didn't invent but made made changes to the way subsides were collected |
| How did he change the way subsidies were collected? | 1) He stopped using local commissioners to assess taxpayers’ wealth 2) Wolsey set up a national committee witch he headed |
| Why did Wolsey stop using local commissioners to assess taxpayers’ wealth? | as they could be ‘over-generous to the local nobility’) |
| What did Wolsey do in his committee- what was the impact? | Made direct and realistic assessments of the wealth of taxpayers therefore the nations revenue base became much more realistic |
| What was Wolsey able to do by using this method- but what was wrong with this? | raise extraordinary revenue for Henry’s war in France but the amount raised was not enough |
| What did Wolsey have to do to raise sufficient funds? | tried unparliamentarily taxation |
| What form of unparliamentary taxation did he use? When was it implemented? | ‘Amicable Grants’ 1525 |
| What were the Amicable Grants? | In theory it was to be a freely given gift to the king from his subjects but was actually a heavy tax |
| How was the Amicable Grant implemented? | Levied without parliaments approval |
| What did the Amicable Grant lead to? | Widespread resistance- almost amounting to a revolution |
| What is an example of Wolsey not managing Parliament well? | The 1523 subsidy and parliaments resistace Parliament had been called to grant the subsidy needed to finance the renewal of the war against France Instead of the supportive parliament from before this parliament would not grant all the money he wanted |
| When were the Eltham Ordinances introduced ? | 1526 |
| Why were the Eltham Ordinances introduced ? | Reform the finances of the Privy council |
| What was Wolsey able to do? | By pushing forward proposals for a reduction of royal household expenditure Wolsey secured a reduction of in the number of Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber- the one area of government where he did not have control |
| What else did he manage to get rid of? | the removal of Henry’s Groom of the Stool |
| What was his name- who did Wolsey replace him with? | Sir William Compton, replacing him with the more compliant Henry Norris |
| What is the role of the Groom of Stool? | the most intimate of Henry’s courtiers and a man who much confidence was placed and royal secrets were shared |
| What was the main purpose of the Ordinaces? (2) | primarily financial many people lost their positions but could have also reflected Wolsey’s fear that the Amicable Grant might make him so unpopular he would be in danger of loosing his political influence over Henry |
| What led to the downfall of Wolsey in the short term? | problems over resolving the annulment of Henry VIII’s marriage of Catherine of Aragon and his desire to marry Anne Boleyn |
| What did this lead to in the long term? | the establishment of royal supremacy |
| Who was this brought about by? (year) | brought about by Wolsey’s successor, Thomas Cromwell from 1532 by Parliament |
| What was part of the King's great matter? | By 1525 Henry was becoming dissatisfied at the state of his marriage- Catherine was past childbearing age- Henry was fearful that he would not have a male heir |
| What did Henry even consider??!! | legitimising a son he had with a mistress |
| What else contributed to his Great Matter? | become in love with Anne Boleyn |
| Who was Anne Boleyn? | the niece of of Thomas Howard, duke of Norfolk |
| What was Anne's problem? | She was unwilling to become Henry's mistress? |
| What did Henry need Wolsey to do? | Required Wolsey to secure a papal dispensation for the annulment of his marriage to Catherine |
| What did this do to Wolsey? | Posed a major problem for Wolsey- who was faced with the task of getting an annulment |
| What was Henry able to do? | found biblical justification witch could form the basis of an annulment |
| What was this justification? | The book of Leviticus contained a prohibition on a man marrying his brothers widow As Anne had been previously married to Arthur, henry argued that the papal dispensation issued by Julius II to permit his marriage was invalid |
| What would the pope have done under normal circumstances? | may have been prepared to issue an annulment |
| Why could he not do this? | he was under the control of Charles V, Catherine’s nephew |
| What did Wolsey do with his power as the personal representative of the Pope? (Date) | In May 1527 to bring Henry before a fake court to ‘accuse’ him of living in sin with his supposed wife, a fault Henry admitted |
| What did Catherine do with this verdict? | Catherine refused to accept the courts verdict, and in accordance with canon law appealed to the Pope |
| What is Canon Law? | Church's law |
| What was Wolsey aware of? | Wolsey was aware that his own fate depended on securing the annulment |
| What was the pope aware of? | aware of Wolsey’s situation but all he could do was play for time, which only increased Henry’s frustration |
| What did the pope do- after how many years? Who was involved? | After two years, the Pope sent an envoy, Cardinal Campeggio to hear the case along with Wolsey |
| When did the hearing start? | 15th June 1529 |
| When did Campeggio adjourn it? | 30th July |
| What did this secure? | Wolsey’s fate as he had not managed to secure Henry’s divorce |
| Why was Wolsey's fall not unexpected? | He was already unpopular for forcing the 1523 subsidy through parliament and the Amicable Grant- former associates therefore began distancing themselves from him |
| What was Wolsey charged with- when? | October 1529 he was charged with praemunire (a parliamentary statue to prevent papal interference in the rights of the crown to make appointments in the Church office) and surrendered himself and all of his possessions |
| When was he arrested? | 4th November 1530 |
| What happened before his trial | He died on 29th November 1530 |
| What lasted for 3 year after Wolsey? | Conciliar government |
| Who brought the phase of conciliar government to an end? | Thomas Cromwell |
| What had Cromwell done? | had advanced his career under Wolsey and following the Cardinals death, he rose swiftly to power |
| What two factors were key in him having the position?(2) | He had a proposal to enable Henry to secure his marriage annulment He suggested that that Henry made a break with Rome and place himself as the head of the English Church |
| When did he become the Kings Chief Minister? | 1532 |
| How were both the divorce and break from Rome accomplished? | The use of statute law (Acts of Parliament) which established the supremacy over canon law (law of the Church) |
| What were key weaknesses of the church? | 1) The Church was weakened by the humanist criticisms 2) The Church’s claims to legal supremacy had been challenged 3) Collectanea Satis Coposia 4) Henry sought and received expert opinions on his marital situation from a number of continental universities |
| Who had the Church's claims to legal supremacy been challenged by? What year? | Christopher St German |
| What did Christopher St German do? | Asserted the superiority of English law over the canon law of the church. Helped to prepare the parliamentary attack on the Church’s power, masterminded by Cromwell |
| What was the Collectanea Satis Coposia? | intellectual justifications by a a collection of historical documents compiled to justify the King’s divorce on the basis of legal and historical principles |
| What was the significance of Henry seeking expert opinions on his marriage? | to add pressure on the papacy. |
| What measure of pressuring the pope happened in 1531? | Clergy collectively accused of praemunire and fined |
| What was the significance? | Began a sustained attack on the clergy and forced an acknowledgment from them that the king was the ‘Protector and Supreme head of the English Church’ |
| What measure of pressuring the pope happened in 1532? | Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates (revenue paid to the Pope) |
| What was the significance? | Designed to increase pressure on the papacy by withholding the first years income from the office of bishop which the papacy had enjoyed |
| What measure of pressuring the pope happened in 1532? | House of Commons Supplication against the Ordinaries (petition addressed to the King directly against alleged abuses of the jurisdiction exercise in church law) |
| What was the significance? | Designed to increase anticlerical pressure within the House of Commons |
| What measure of pressuring the pope happened in 1532? | Formal submission of the clergy to Henry (surrender of the Church’s independent law-making function) |
| What was the significance? | Provoked the resignation of Sir Thomas Moore as Lord Chancellor |
| What was Anne's role in the annulment issue? | Forced the annulment issue by consenting to have sexual relations with Henry |
| What would happen if Anne was to become pregnant? | it would require open defiance of the Pope by Henry and the authorities of the English Church |
| How was Henry's situation eased? (Name) | The death of Archbishop of Canterbury- William Warham |
| Who was he replaced with- why was this good? | Thomas Cranmer- who would become a leader of the Reformation |
| When did Anne fall pregnant? | 1532 |
| When did Henry and Anne marry? | 25th Jan 1533 |
| When was Henry's marriage annulled? | May 1533 |
| When was her child born- name? | 7th of September- Liz |
| What were the dates for Acts of Parliaments? | 1533-34 |
| What did Cromwell do from 1533? | passed a series of measures to achieve the break from Rome and establish Royal Supremacy |
| When were the 4 Acts? | 1) Act of restraint and appeals 2) Act of succession 3) Act of supremacy 4) Act of Annexing the first fruits and tenths to the crown |
| When was the Act of restraint and appeals created? | April 1533 |
| What was it founded on? | Collectanea |
| What did it entail? (2) | 1) Declared that the monarch had an imperial jurisdiction (powers to make legal decisions) which could not be challenged by the Church or any other foreign power (the papacy) 2) It also declared that appeals could not be made to Rome regarding Church court decisions |
| What did this mean in terms of Henry's divorce? | This meant that Catherine could not appeal against her marriage annulment |
| When was the act of suppression passed? | April 1534 |
| What did entail? (4) | 1) Henry’s marriage to Catherine was void 2) The succession should be vested in the children of his marriage to Anne 3) To deny the validity of his marriage to Anne was treasonable 4) An oath should be taken to show acceptance of the marriage |
| When was the Act of Sucession past? | November 1534 |
| What did it entail? (3) | 1) Gave legislative force to the royal supremacy 2) Created the King as the ‘Supreme Head of the Church of England’ 3) Accomplished the break from Rome |
| When was the Act of Treason created? | November 1534 |
| What did it entail? | Tightened so that treason could be committed by speaking as well as by act or writing |
| Who was a victim of this- when did they die? | Sir Thomas Moore was convicted and executed in July 1535 |
| When was this act passed? | November 1534 |
| What did it entail? | reintroduced the ‘intolerable’ Annates which paid by a bishop to the Pope but now paid to the King |
| What effect did this have on the clergy? | Increased the financial burden |
| What effect did this have on the monarchy? | strengthened Royal Supremacy |
| When did the relationship between England and rome end? | 1534 |
| How did the supremacy come about? | Largely by parliamentary statue |
| What effect did this have on the parliament? | strengthen its role considerably |
| What did this mean for religious policies? | now be based on royal notion |
| What was the most important act? | Dissolution of the monasteries |
| When did it begin and when was it completed? | Begun in 1536 and completed by 1542 |
| What did it ensure? | Lots of the Church’s land was confiscated by the Crown |
| What effect did this have on the crown? (short term and long term) | ST-Significantly increased the wealth and power of the Crown LT- The benefit was short lived as much of the land was granted or sold so that the Crown could raise money to finance the foreign policy |
| What was Anne Boleyn considered to be at first- why? | an advocate of Church reform- responsible for helping the King to go in a more Protestant direction |
| What was Cromwell's and Anne's relationship like? | Cromwell felt threatened by Anne as he thought that his relationship with the King would break down because of her |
| What did Cromwell do? | He allied with the conservatives to persuade Henry that Anne had committed adultery and incest |
| When was she executed? | 19th May 1536 |
| When did Catherine of Aragon die? | January 1536 |
| Who did Henry want to marry next? | Jane Seymour |
| What was happening in 1540? | Cromwell's influence was declining |
| What was the main reason for his downfall? | his failure to manage the King’s marital affairs |
| When did Jane Seymour die? | 1537 |
| What did Cromwell try to and reconcile with Henry?- what year? | 1540 with the Leauge of Schmaldik, by arranging a marriage with Anne of Cleves |
| What was the League of Schmaldik? | A organisation of German princes and free cities within the HRE who supported Martin Luther and his rejection of the Catholic Church |
| Why was this an unhappy partnership? | She could not provide him with an heir and because the match had become unwelcome politically |
| What happened with the marriage? | It was quickly annulled |
| What did this do to Cromwell? | Destroyed any credibility he had with the King |
| What did this enable others to do? | • This gave his enemies (Duke of Norfolk) the opportunity to bring him down |
| What was Cromwell accused of and when was he executed? | 28th July 1540 Treason |
| What did Henry do on the same day? | married the Duke of Norfolk’s niece Catherine Howard |
| What is considered to be Henry's last years? | 1540-47 |
| The major political implecation of the conservative revival of 1539 to 1540? | restoration of the conciliar government |
| What did the fall of Cromwell see? | Emergence of a privy council with fixed membership |
| In 1540 who did power lay with? | conservatives in the Council such as Norfolk, Stephen Gardiner and Thomas Wriothesley |
| What did Norfolk do in his eagerness for Henry to marry Katherine? | In his eagerness to benefit politically from a marriage between his family and the King, Norfolk had overlooked the fact that his niece was sexually experienced |
| What was Katherine also accused of? | Having an affair with a distant cousin |
| When was she executed? | She was executed for treason on 13th February 1542 |
| What happened to Norfolk? | he was wounded politically |
| Who did Henry marry after? | protestant Katherine Parr |
| What did Norfolk try and do with her- why? | unsuccessfully to involve her in accusations of heresy She posed a threat to his ambitions |
| Why did political rivalries intensify in Henry's later years? | Whoever was most influential in the King’s last months was likely to be in a position to dominate under his successor |
| What was an example of this? | Norfolk and Edward Seymour |
| What advantage did Edward Seymour have? | Could play his card as the uncle of Jane Seymour’s, the heir to the thone |
| What contributed to Norfolk's downfall? | Norfolk was also compromised by his son Henry Howard, who threatened the throne and was executed for treason |
| What did Henry do about Norfolk? | Consented to his death but passed away before was executed |
| When did Henry die? | 28th Jan 1547 |
| What were Cromwell's successes? | • Climbed the political ladder ¬ Associated himself with the right people (Wolesy) ¬ Became the King’s Chief Minister in 1532 • He made a proposal to secure Henry’s annulment ¬ Understood how to gain the King’s favour • Came up with unique and clever ideas ¬ Suggested Henry made himself head of the Church and broke from Rome • He utilised Parliament more frequently and more effectively ¬ Allowed him to establish Royal Supremacy ¬ Helped pass numerous important Acts (Act of Supremacy, Act of Succession, Treason Act) • Greatly reduced the influence of the Church in England: ¬ In 1531 he accused the clergy of praemunire (led to their acknowledgment that Henry was the ‘Supreme head of the English Church’) ¬ In 1532 the Supplication against the Ordinances increased anticlerical pressure in the Commons ¬ In 1532 he secured the formal submission of the clergy to the Monarch • He secured Henry’s annulment and enabled him to marry Anne ¬ Succeeded where Wolesy had failed • Pushed the break from Rome ¬ Drafted the Act in Restraint of Appeals |
| What were Cromwell's successes? | • Allied with the Conservatives to bring about Boleyn’s execution • Brought the phase of councillor government to an end ¬ Meant he had more independence to push his own agenda • Brought about the dissolution of the monasteries ¬ Raised funds for the Crown |
| What were Cromwell's failures? | • He made an enemy of the powerful Duke of Norfolk ¬ He was hostile to Cromwell’s religious reforms • He never had the range of influence Wolesy enjoyed ¬ Failed to demonstrate his skill on an international level • Made many members of the nobility angry with his liberal attitude to religious institutions ¬ Sir Thomas More resigned as Lord Chancellor following the 1532 formal submission of the clergy • He publicly fought with Anne Boleyn • The Act of Annexing First Fruits and Tenths to the Crown labelled him as a hypocrite in the eyes of many • Failed to secure a desirable wife for Henry in his selection of Anne of Cleves |
| Conclusion about cromwell | • Many Historians saw him as a grubby operator who was happy to do the King’s dirty work • Geoffrey Elton has remarked that Cromwell was the architect of a governmental revolution which brought about a modern and professional approach • It is more accurate to suggest he is something in between: ¬ A skilful lawyer who was committed to religious reformation and strived to bring about the break from Rome and Royal supremacy ¬ Was happy to oblige the King in order to retain his position and push his cause |
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