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Flashcards by Lucy Andrews, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Lucy Andrews
almost 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Why did the Kaiser abdicate? | Kaiser has ruled the German Empire as a monarch. At the end of the first world war there was a period of violent unrest in Germany. He was forced to abdicate in 1918. |
| What happened after he abdicated? | A new government took over which was led by Ebert- it changed Germany into a republic. It was set up in Wiemar because there was violence in Berlin and Ebert became the first President with Scheidemann as Chancellor. |
| What was the Social Democratic Party? | It was led by Ebert and it was a moderate party of socialists. The new government was democratic which meant they believed that the country should have a say in how it was run. |
| Why was the Treaty of Versailles signed? | The new German government was not invited to the peace conference in 1919 and had no say in the Versailles treaty. Ebert refused to sign it but he was forced to in the end because Germany was weak therefore he did not want to start conflict. |
| What was the Reichstag? | The new German parliament and proportional representation was used to determine the number of seats a party wins depending on the number of votes they win.However, this made it harder to get laws passed. |
| What problems did the Wiemar republic have? | -It was difficult to make decisions because there were so many parties -It was hard to pick a chancellor -They were hated because they had accepted the Treaty of Versailles -Some Germans joined paramilitary groups such as Friekorps who were right wing groups made up of ex-soliders who saw communists a threat to peace. |
| What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles? | -Germany has to take blame of the war -The Rhineland was demilitarised and Germany was not allowed troops there - The armed forces were reduced to 100,000, only volunteers, without armoured vehicles , aircraft or submarines and only 6 warships -Reparations of £6600 million -Lost territory. |
| Reasons for Discontent | -Thousands of people were poor and starving -Many Germans had denied that they lost the war and blamed the 'November Criminals' who had agrees to the TOV -Others that were blamed for losing the war were communists, the government and Jews -The government were seen as weak and ineffective, living conditions in Germany grew worse. |
| What happened in the Spartacist Revolt? | In 1919 the Spartacist's, a communist group led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg,tried to take over Berlin in the Spartacist revolt-but they were defeated by the Friekorps. |
| What happened in Kapp Putsch? | In 1920, some of the right-wing Freikorps themselves took part in the Kapp Putsch- led by Wolfgang Kapp, the took over Berlin to form another government. The workers staged a general strike- Kapp gave up.They were not punished because the judges sympathised with them. |
| At what point were many Germans anti-Jewish? | In 1922 Walter Rathenau was killed, He'd been the foreign minister who signed the rapallo treaty with Russia and was Jewish. Many Germans now were anti-Jewish. |
| Why couldn't Germany pay reparations? | France and Belgium occupied the Ruhr- the richest industrial part of Germany- to take resources instead. This led to fury in Germany, while workers in the Ruhr refused to work. This led to Hyperinflation. |
| What was Hyperinflation? | Hyperinflation happens when production cannot keep up with the amount of money there is,so money keeps losing its value. |
| What were the results of hyperinflation? | -Wages were paid twice a day before prices went up again -The middle classes lost out as bank savings became worthless -The German mark became worthless |
| How did Stresemann help Germany | Stresemann was the Chancellor and then he became Foreign Minister. He wanted International Cooperation and he believed that was the way to help Germany |
| How did Stresemann fix Hyperinflation? | In 1923, he told the workers in the Ruhr to return to work, and in November 1923 he introduced the new German mark called the Rentenmark to make the currency more stable. |
| What else did Stresemann do to help Germany? | -In 1924 he accepted the Dawes Plan from the US, which recognised reparation payments. -In 1925 the French and Belgium troops left the Ruhr. -In 1925, he agreed to the Locarno Treaty where the western borders of Germany were agreed.He won a Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts. |
| How else was Germany recovering? | - In 1926 Germany joined the League of Nations and became one of the permanent members of the council -In 1928, Germany was one of 65 countries to sign the Kellogg-Briand Pact. They promised not to use violence to settle disputes. -In 1929, the US agreed to replace the Daws Plan with the Young Plan, this meant reparations would be reduced y three quarters of the amount and Germany was given 59 years to pay them. |
| What happened to the US which meant Germany could not rely on them any longer? | Th Wall Street Crash |
| What was the effect of the Wall Street Crash on Germany? | -Massive unemployment in Germany- over 6 million were unemployed by 1933. -In 1931 Germany's biggest bank collapsed which made paying reparations difficult. -The Wiemar governments carried on changing during this time but none could solve the economic crisis. -The Depression contributed to the collapse of the Wiemar Republic. People hoped a new government could sort it. -Extremist groups like the Nazis became more popular as they promised strong leaderships. |
| Who was Adolf Hitler? | - He was born in Austria in 1889 and lived in Germany from 1912 onwards -He has been a solider in world war one and won the iron cross twice which made it difficult for him to accept Germany had lost the war. -In 1919, he joined a small German workers Party which was led by Anton Drexler.In 1920 the name changed to the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazis) -He took leadership over the party due to his speeches and the group then set up its own armed group called the SA who protected Nazi leaders and harassed their opponents. |
| Why did Hitler want to overthrow the Government? | In 1923, things were going badly for the Wiemar Republic-it seemed weak.Hitler planned to overthrow the Wiemar Government by taking control of the government in a region called Bavaria. |
| How did Hitler plan to overthrow the government? | On the 8th of November Hitler's Stormtroopers occupied a beer hall in Munich where local government leaders were meeting. He announced a revolution had begun. The next day Hitler marched into munich and supported by several thousand armed men. |
| Why did the revolt not work? | The revolt quickly collapsed when the police fired on the rebels.The number of people involved, including famous general Ludendorff, made it seem like a big threat to Wiemar but the Nazis had little popular support and it was all over very quickly. |
| What happened to Hitler after his failed attempt of overthrowing the government? | -Hitler was imprisoned for his role in the Munich Putsch. -In prison he wrote a book called 'my Struggle' where he publicised his beliefs and ambitions. |
| What were the Nazis new tactics after their first failed attempt? | -The Nazi party was banned after the Munich Putsch. After Hitler was released he re-established himself as supreme leader. -By the mid 20s the German economy was beginning to recover under Stresemann and as a result support for the Nazis began to decline. -Hitlers new tactic was to gain control through the democratic system. The Nazi Party now extended nationally, instead of it being a regional party. Propaganda was now used to gain support. |
| Why did the Nazis increase in popularity during the depression? | -They promised prosperity and to make Germany great again. This appealed to many of the unemployed as well as businessmen and young people. -Some people supported the Nazis anti-communist and anti-Jewish views -By 1930 Nazi membership grew to over 300,000 |
| What happened in the elections of 1930 which showed the Nazis gaining more power? | Chancellor Heinrich Bruning couldn't control the Reichstag properly - there was a big increase in seats for both the Nazis and the communists. Bruning had |
| What was happening in the German government in 1932? | -By April 1932, conditions were serious in Germany. Millions were unemployed and the country was desperate for a strong government. -President Hindenburg had to stand for re-election, because his term of office had run out. Hitler stood against him, there was also a communist candidate. -Hindenburg, a national hero, said he'd win easily but didn't win a majority in the first election-in the second ballot he won 53%, beating Hitler's 36.8% of the vote. |
| Why did Hindenburg refuse to make Hitler Chancellor? | -Hindenburg could not find a Chancellor who had support in the Reichstag. -He appointed the inexperienced Papen. -In the July 1932 Reichstag elections,the Nazis won 230 seats-They were now the biggest party, but did not have a majority in the reichstag. Hitler demanded to be made chancellor. -Hindenburg refused because he did not trust Hitler and therefore kept Papen. |
| How did government attempt to stop Hitler from becoming Chancellor? | -The Nazis were losing popularity as they were losing seats -Hindenburg replaced Papen as Chancellor with Schleicher. Schleicher tried to cause divisions in the Nazi Party by asking another leading nazi to be vice-chancellor-Strasser. But Hitler stopped him from accepting |
| How did Hitler become Chancellor? | Papen knew that Hindenburg would get rid of Schleicher if he failed to get a majority in parliment, so he made a deal with Hitler.They agreed that if Papen persuaded Hindenburg to make Hitler Chancellor, Hiler would make Papen vice-chancellor. -In January 1933, Papen persuaded Hindenburg to replace Schleicher as Chancellor with Hitler-Papen argued that they would be able to control Hitler and use him as a puppet.He was wrong. -In March 1933, Hitler called for another election. |
| Why did the Nazis do well in the elections? | -They controlled the news media. -Opposition meetings were banned -They used the SA to terrorise opponents -A fire broke out in the Reichstag building, and Hitler whipped up opposition against the communists, who he said started it.Mass arrests of communists followed. -Hitler was allowed emergency decrees to deal with the situation- and used these powers to intimidate communist voters. |
| How did Hitler change the law to keep control? | -The Nazis won 288 seats but no majority- the communists still won 81 -So Hitler declared the communist party illegal - This gave him enough support in parliament to pass the enabling billion 1933 although force was still used -This bill let him govern for four years without parliament and made all other parties illegal . Hitler was almost in full control. |
| Why:The Night of the Long Knives | Hitler still had opposition- and was worried about rivals within the Nazi party. The biggest threat was Rohm, who controlled the SA (over 400,000 men) .In June 1934, Hitler sent his own men to arrest Rohm and others. This became known as The Night of the Long Knives. |
| Consequences: The Night of the Long Knives | -Several hundred people were killed, including Rohm, Strasser and von Schleicher. Any potential opposition had been stamped out -A month later Hindernburg died. Hitler combined the posts of Chancellor and president, made himself Commander-in-Chief of the army, and was called Der Fuhrer.It was the beginning of dictatorship. |
| How was Germany now under strong leaders? | -Germany was reorganised into a number of provinces. Each province was called Gau, with Gauleiter- a loyal Nazi-in charge of each. - Above them were Reichsleiters who advised Hitler (Himmler and Goebbels) -At the top was the Fuhrer-Hitler himself. -Every aspect of life was carefully controlled, and only loyal Nazis could be successful |
| How was propaganda used for the Nazis? | -The Nazis took over the media. They controlled radio broadcasts, and also used films & posters to spread their messages. -The Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda (founded in 1933) was led by Dr Joseph Goebbels. All artists, writers, journalists and musicians had to register to get their work approved. -The Nazis organised huge rallies of party members to present an image of power and popularity. They also used the 1936 Berlin Olympics as an opportunity for international publicity. |
| How did the Nazis use censorship? | -They created censored books, newspapers and other material. -Those who published anti-Nazi material risked execution -The Nazis used censorship to encourage nationalism and anti-semitism (hatred of Jews). They praised the work of patriotic German composers such as wagner but banned the work of Jewish composers such as Mendelssohn. |
| How did Germany become a Police State? | -The SS began as a bodyguard for Hitler. It expanded massively under the leadership of Himmler during the 1930s. Its members were totally loyal to Hitler and were feared for their cruelty.Himmler was also in charge of the secret police-the Gestapo. |
| How were concentration camps used? | After 1933 concentration camps spread across Germany and its territories to hold political prisoners and anybody else considered dangerous to the Nazis. Some of these were later turned into death camps. |
| What was the Nazis relationship like with the Church? | - Many Nazis were against Christianity- its teaching of peace was seen as incompatible with Nazi ideas. However, the Nazis didn't want to risk an immediate attack on it. -Hitler signed the Concordat agreement with the catholic church in 1933.Each side promised not to interfere with each other. |
| How did Hitler try to curb the Concordat? | The Nazis did try to curb the influence of the church- and there were some catholic protests against Nazi Policies. Hitler tried to unite the different protestant churches into one Reich Church.He placed a Nazi leader as the head.Anyone that stood against the Nazis were sent to concentration camps. |
| What was Hitlers relationship like with the unemployed? | -Hitler started a huge programme of public works, which gave jobs to thousands of people. -From 1933, huge motorways-autobahns-were started.Unemployment fell dramatically. -However, the Nazis also fiddled with the stats to make unemployment look lower than it actually was. |
| How were rewards used to encourage people to work? | -All men between 18 and 25 could be recruited into the national Labour service and were given jobs -The Nazis got rid of trade unions. Instead workers had to join the Nazis labour Front. -The Nazis introduced 'Strength through Joy' (cheap holidays etc) -'beauty through labour' which was about improving conditions. -Wages were still relatively low and workers were not allowed to strike. |
| How did Hitler re-arm the military? | -Nazis secretly did this because of the TOV. -Hitler sacked some of the generals and replaced them with Nazi generals -Military conscription was reintroduced (drafting men into the army) -'Four Year Plan to prepare the country for war' |
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