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Flashcards by AmyLynn MacQuarr, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by AmyLynn MacQuarr
over 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is the APA? | American Psychological Association |
| Psychology trails biological and physical sciences in terms of progress, T or F? | T |
| What is Mother Teresa most famous for? | Helping thousands of people living in the slums of Calcutta |
| What is Albert Schweitzer most famous for? | Opened a hospital in Africa. Won the Nobel Peace Prize |
| What is Edward Jenner most famous for? | Among the first to conceive of and test vaccinations. Led to the eradication of smallpox and reduced other diseases such as measles, tetanus, typhoid, polio, hepatitis, etc. |
| What are Norman Borlaug and Fritz Haber most famous for? | Producing hybrid crops and synthetic fertilizer |
| What is systematic observation? | The careful observation of the natural world with the aim of better understanding it |
| What are the essential elements of science? | Systematic observation, hypotheses or theories, democratic, and cumulative |
| Who was Francis Galton? | - Used patches of color to test people's ability to distinguish between them - Invented the self report questionnaire - Looked at the behaviors of twins to estimate if genetic and social factors influence personality. "Nature-nurture question" |
| Why would measuring someones happiness through a numbered scale be problematic? | - People might lie - Might not be able to report their happiness - Might not interpret the number scale the same way |
| What are some ways we can measure someones happiness? | - "Peer report measures", asking friends and family - Comparing those ratings to self report ratings - Using saliva cortisol samples or fMRI images of brain activation |
| Who can cognitive behavioral therapy help? | Those suffering from depression and anxiety disorders |
| Who was Alphonse Chapanis? | Psychologist, redesigned cockpit controls in aircrafts to make them less confusing |
| What research did Elizabeth Loftus conduct? | Demonstrating the limits and unreliability of eyewitness testimony and memory |
| What are some of the highlights of the scientific psychologists code of ethics? | Informed consent, confidentiality, privacy, benefits, and deception |
| What is the difference between correlations and experiments? | - Cor. researchers measure variables as they naturally occur and decide the degree to which two variables go together - Exp. researchers make changes to one variable and watch for changes in another variable |
| Who was Elizabeth Dunn? | - Conducted an experiment, gave people $20 and randomly assigned some as having to spend the money on themselves, and some as having to spend the money on others/charity. - Measuring the happiness of participants - Those who gave to others were happier |
| What are operational definitions? | How researchers specifically measure a concept |
| What is the independent variable? | - Variable under the researchers control - Variable altered between groups (ED's experiment) - IV would be whether the participants spent the money on themselves or others |
| What is the dependant variable? | - Not manipulated - Where the effect happens - Participants happiness in ED's experiment depends on how they spent their money |
| What is random assignment? | - Participants in experiment don't get to pick which condition they're in - Assigned by experimenter |
| What are confounds? | Things that undermine your ability to draw causal inferences |
| What is the placebo effect? | Someone just knowing they are receiving special treatment or something new, causes changes in behavior or perception |
| What is participant demand? | Participants try to behave the way they think the experimenter wants them to behave |
| What are experimenter expectations? | When the experimenters expectations influence the outcome of the study |
| What is a double-blind procedure? | When neither the participants nor the experimenter knows which condition the participant is in |
| What is correlationional research? | - When scientists passively observe and measure phenomena, do not interfere with or change behavior as with experiments - Can only examine 2 variables at a time |
| What is the correlation coefficient? | - r - provides info about the direction and strength of the association between the 2 variables |
| What is a positive correlation? | - Indicated by positive number - When two variables go up or down together |
| What is a negative correlation? | - Indicated by negative number - When two variables move in opposite directions |
| How do we determine a weak correlation? | - If an association has many exceptions - Two variables correspond some, but not most of the time - Low absolute value |
| How do we determine a strong correlation? | - Two variables almost always go together - Few exceptions - High absolute value |
| Correlation does not = causation, T or F? | True |
| What are some qualitative designs? | Participant observation, case studies, and narrative analysis |
| What is participant observation? | Involves the researcher embedding themselves into a group to study it's dynamics |
| What are case studies? | Involves intensive examination O's specific individuals or specific contexts. - Perfect if there are a limited number of participants |
| What are quasi-experimental designs? | An experiment that does not use/require random assignment to conditions |
| What are longitudinal studies? | Study that follows the same group of individuals over time |
| What can surveys be used for? | Correlational and experimental research. |
| What is narrative analysis? | - Involves the study of stories and personal accounts of people, groups, or cultures. - Examining the stories to learn more about the group or individuals psychology - Not what they say, how they say it |
| What are the key features of the scientific method? | Hypothesis, observations or experiments, then publishing the tests and results so that others can check the results and build upon findings. |
| What is the empiracal method? | Method for acquiring knowledge based on observation, including experimentation. |
| Before psychology became it's own academic discipline, workings of the mind were considered under the auspices of . . . ? | Philosophy |
| What are the benefits of laboratory experiments? | - Can separate cause from effect |
| What are some of the disadvantages of laboratory experiments? | - What can happen vs what does happen - Doesn't take into account what can happen in the outside world, very controlled |
| What is internal validity? | Study allows unambiguous causal inferences |
| What is external validity? | Study allows findings to be applied to other settings or samples |
| What validity tends to be prioritized over the other? | Internal validity, emphasis is put on identifying causal relationships |
| What is the difference between field and laboratory research? | - Laboratory, participants are brought to the lab - Field, lab is brought to participants |
| What is ecological validity? | Whether an effect has been obtained under conditions similar to what happens in everyday life |
| What are the research methods for studying daily life? | Sampling daily behavior, sampling daily physiology/psychology sampling online behavior, collecting data via smartphones, and sampling daily experiences |
| What biological signals can now be measured in daily life? | Electrocardiogram, blood pressure, electrodermal activity, body temperature |
| What is ambulatory assessment? | Describes methodologies that Assess behavior, physiology, experience, and environments of humans in naturalistic settings - Can be used to study hormones |
| What are linguistic analyses? | Extracts grammatical and psychological info from text by counting word frequencies |
| How could smartphones be useful for gathering info? | - Store real world data - Can track physical, social interactions - Concerns regarding privacy and data analyses |
| What is full cycle psychology? | Researchers start with a field of study to identify effect on the real world, do laboratory experimentation to verify the effect, return to field research to corroborate their findings |
| What are 4 methods associated with studying daily experiences? | - Experience sampling method, participants report momentary thoughts, feelings, behaviors, over the course of the day - Ecological momentary assessment, describes methodologies that sample participants real world experiences, behavior, and physiology in real time - Diary method, participants complete questionnaires about feelings, thoughts, and behavior during the day - Day reconstruction method, participants describe their experiences and behavior during one day the next day |
| What are electronically activated recorders? What research method are they used with? | Participants wear a small, portable audio device that records sounds around them at set periods of time. Used when studying daily behavior |
| What are some methods of studying daily behavior? | Time lapse photography to see how people use public spaces, looking at how personality is expressed in environments, analyzing peoples garbage |
| What is white coat hypertension? | Patients have higher blood pressure in the doctors office than at home |
| What is ambulatory physiological monitoring? What study is it associated with? | Monitoring physiological reactions during peoples daily lives, studying daily physiology |
| What two men are credited as being the founders of psychology? | Willhelm Wundt and William James |
| Who was the first person to be recognized as a psychologist? | Willhelm Wundt |
| What was W. Wundt's book entitled? | Principles of Physiological Psychology |
| How did W. Wundt view psychology? | Scientific study of the conscious experience |
| What did W. Wundt view as the goal of psychology? | Identify the components of consciousness and how those components combine to result in our conscious experience |
| What is introspection? | - Method used by W. Wundt. - Internal perception, someone examines their own conscious experience as objectively as possible. |
| What were the two requirements of W. Wundt's experiments? | Use of trained or practiced observers who could observe and report a reaction, and use of repeatable stimuli that always produced the same experience in the subject |
| What is Structuralism? | Understanding the structure or characteristics of the mind. |
| Which psychologist introduced Darwin's Theory of evolution by natural selection? | William James |
| What is Functionalism? | - Studying the function of behavior in the world - Focuses on how mental activities help an organism fit into its environment |
| Did W. James use introspection? | Yes, but combined it with recording devices, examining mental activities, anatomy, physiology |
| Who is one of the most well-known figures in psychology? | Sigmond Freud |
| What is hysteria? | - Ancient diagnosis for a variety of physical symptoms emotional disturbances |
| What did Freud believe? | Gaining access to unconscious mind was crucial to helping patients |
| How (according to SF) could the unconscious mind be accessed? | Dream analysis, examining first words that came to people's minds, and slips of the tongue |
| What is psychoanalytic theory? | - AKA psychoanalysis - Involves patient talking about their past - Focuses on the role of the unconscious and childhood experiences |
| What 3 psychologists are credited as introducing psychologists in the US to Gestalt principles? | Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler |
| What did psychologists dislike about Freud and Behaviorism? | - All actions driven by the unconscious - Simple nature |
| What is Humanism? | - Emphasizes the potential for good and is innate to all humans - Personal control, intentionality, predisposition for good |
| What 2 psychologists are associated with Humanism? | Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers |
| What technique did CR use? | Therapeutic technique, client centered therapy |
| What are the key features of client centered therapy? | - Involves the patient taking a lead role in the session - Psychoanalytic approach involves the therapist interpreting what conscious behavior reveals about the unconscious mind |
| What did CR state were the 3 features that were needed to maximize the effectiveness of CC therapy? | Unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy |
| What is unconditional positive regard? | Therapist accepts their client for who they are, no matter what they might say |
| What did CR believe? | People were more than capable of working through their own problems |
| What are some of the fields associated with the cognitive revolution? | Linguistics, neuroscience, computer science |
| Who published the book, Cognitive Psychology? | Ulric Neisser, textbook for psychology courses |
| Who was one of the main figures in the cognitive revolution? | Noam Chomsky, believed that psychology had to focus more on mental functioning than behavior |
| What are some of the cognitive sciences? | Anthropology, linguistics, computer science, neuroscience |
| Why did women have difficulty influencing the development of psychology? | - Difficulty entering the field - Few women practiced psychology, little influence on what was studied - Experimental subjects were mostly men, resulted from idea that gender had no influence on psychology and women were not of sufficient interest to study |
| What is AM most known for? | Hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior |
| How did the hierarchy of human needs help motivate behavior? | When basic needs are met, higher level needs (social needs) will begin to motivate behavior |
| What is self actualization? | Process by which we achieve our full potential |
| Who was Naomi Weisstein? | - Published an article criticizing male psychologists for making assumptions about women based on cultural biases + without running experiments and tests to verify - Helped form feminist psychology, free from influence of male biases |
| Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology? | Cecil Summer |
| What did humanistic psychologists reject? | Research approach based on reductionist experimentation in physical and biological sciences because it missed the "whole" human being |
| How did humanist psychologists conduct research? | Researching happiness, self concept, meditation, outcomes of humanistic Psychotherapy |
| Where is Behaviorism used? | Behavioral and cognitive behavioral therapy |
| What did B.F. Skinner focus on? | How behavior was affected by its consequences |
| What did B.F.S view as major factors in driving behavior? | Reinforcement and punishment |
| What was the chamber B.F.S used in his experiments/what did it do? | - Conditioning chamber or a Skinner box - Allowed for the careful study of principles of modifying behavior through reinforcements and punishments - Isolated subject from outside world |
| What psychologist thought the study of consciousness was flawed? | John B. Watson |
| What did JBW believe? | - Objective analysis of the mind was impossible - Focused on trying to bring behavior under control |
| What is Behaviorism? | - Focuses on observing and controlling behavior. - Learned behavior and it's interaction with inborn qualities of an organism |
| What 3 psychologists focused on Behaviorism? | I. Pavlov, J.B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner |
| What is Behaviorism credited as doing? | Establishing psychology as a scientific discipline |
| What is an important part of humanistic theory? | Considering the individual as a whole rather than sum of individually measured parts |
| What 3 psychologists focused on the inner experience? | Structuralism, Freud, and Gestalt psychologists |
| What psychologist focused on conditioned reflexes? | Ivan Pavlov |
| What is a conditioned reflex? | Producing a (unconscious) reflex response to a stimulus |
| What was the focus of IP experiments? | Conditioning subjects to produce the response to a different stimulus that the experimenter associated with the original stimulus |
| What term is applied to IP experiments? | Classical conditioning |
| Where did Freud believe many of his patients problems arose from? | Unconscious mind |
| What is adaptation? | Trait of an organism has a function for the survival and reproduction of the individual |
| Functionalists are more interested in . . . ? | Operation of the mind as a whole rather than individual parts |
| What did W. James believe? | - Accepted DT as an explanation for organisms characteristics - |
| What do you need to do (in most cases) to get a PhD? | Dissertation (long research paper or published articles describing your research as part of your doctoral training) |
| How do faculty at colleges or universities divide their time? | Teaching, research, and service to their institution and profession |
| What are adjunct faculty members? | Faculty members and instructors that have an advanced degree in psychology, but have primary careers outside the institution. They may not have a doctoral degree. |
| What is the NLPA? | National Latina/o Psychological Association |
| What is the AAPA? | Asian American Psychological Association |
| What is the ABPsi? | Association of Black Psychologists |
| What is the SIP? | Society of Indian Psychologists |
| What are the key features of Biopsychology? | - How biology influences our behavior. - Learning the structure and function of the nervous system + how it's related to behavior - Studying sensory and motor systems, sleep, drug abuse, etc. - Interdisciplinary (biologists, physiologists, chemists, etc.) - Component of neuroscience |
| What are the key features of evolutionary psychology? | - Understanding biological causes of behavior - Behavior may be influenced by genetics - Behavior demonstrates adaptation to surroundings - Study of behavior in regards to evolution started with Charles Darwin (evolution by natural selection) - Try to predict behavior based on evolutionary theories and then conduct research to see if results match the theory - We don't always know what conditions were like in the past, making assuming what behavior is adaptation difficult |
| What are the key features of sensation and perception psychology? | - Perfect for people interested in physiological aspects of sensory systems and psychological experience - Sights, sounds, temperature, touch, smells - How we see and perceive the world depends on how we focus our attention, previous experiences, cultural backgrounds, etc. |
| What are the key features of cognitive psychology? | - Studying thoughts/cognitions and how they relate to experiences or actions - Interdisciplinary (part of cognitive science) - Attention, problem solving, language, memory, etc. |
| What are the key features of developmental psychology? | - Scientific study of development across a lifespan - Looking at processes related to physical maturation - Aging, changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, social behavior, etc. - Looking at changes during adulthood - Physical, cognitive, and social differences between children and adults - Object permeance |
| What are some of the key features of personality psychology? | - Patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each person unique - Freud, Maslow, and Gordon Allport helped contribute to theories of personality - Personality develops from perspective - Freud: develops from conflicts between conscious and unconscious (carried through life) - Now looking at personality traits, measuring them, determining how they interact to determine who someone will behave - Five dimensions of personality, (5 factor model) dimensions of consciousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion - Traits are stable over lifespan and influenced by genetics |
| What are the key features of social psychology? | - How we interact and relate to others - How we explain our own behavior vs how we explain the behaviors or others, prejudice, and attraction, how we resolve conflicts - How being with others can change our behavior and thinking patterns - Stanley Milgram and research on obedience |
| What are the key features of industrial-organizational psychology? | - Applies psychological theories, principles, and research findings in industrial or organizational settings - Involves personnel management, organizational structure, and workplace environment - Can research behavior in these settings - Helps promote quality hires and stable environments for workers - Applied |
| What are the key features of health psychology? | - How health is affected by the interaction of bio, psych, and sociocultural factors - Known as biopsychosocial model - Can help address problems in behaviors that are affecting health |
| What are the key features of sport and exercise psychology? | - Studying the psychological aspects of sport performance - Motivation and performance anxiety, effects of sports on mental and emotional wellbeing - Also includes interactions between mental and physical performance under demanding conditions (fire fighting. military,. etc.) |
| What are the key features of clinical psychology? | - Focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and problematic patterns of behavior - Similar to counselling: focuses on emotional, social, vocational, and health-related outcomes - Psychotherapy influenced by Freud and Rogers |
| What are some of the key features of forensic psychology? | - Deals with questions of psychology as they appear in the justice system - Assess someones ability to stand trial, state of mind of defendants, consult on child custody cases, consult on sentencing and treatment recommendations - Act as expert witness, can be called to provide research by either side - Have to have a good understanding of law + info for legal system - May provide psychological treatment in the justice system |
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