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Description
Flashcards by Lisza Neumeier, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Lisza Neumeier
over 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Phonetics vs. Phonology What does it deal with? Unit? Transcription? How? | |
| Phonetics vs. Phonology what happens? in what is it interested meaning change? | |
| Phoneme | (abstract category) |
| Phones vs. Phonemes | |
| Phonology | •The study of abstract categories that organise the sound system of a language •Function and (mental) organisation of the sound inventory |
| Branches of phonology name & definition & example | •Segmental phonology: Examines the function of individual sounds in a language (i.e. the segments) •Suprasegmental phonology: Examines the features of pronunciation that extend beyond one segment (example: intonation) |
| How do we define phonemes? What happens to the meaning when there's a change in phoneme? | The smallest meaning-distinguishing units in a language (This does not mean that phonemes carry meaning themselves, but a change in phoneme causes a change in meaning) |
| Minimal pairs | • Two words that differ in just one sound, and have a different meaning, e.g. bake /beɪk/ hat /hæt/ gate /geɪt/ cake /keɪk/ had /hæd/ goat /gəʊt/ All the contrasting sounds: phoneme inventory |
| Minimal pairs | [bæt] .../b/ [kæt] .../k/ Because there is a change in meaning when we produce a different sound, they can be considered different phonemes |
| Phonemes vs. Phones What‘s the difference? (to sum up one more time for good measure!) | Phonemes: Abstract category; change in meaning Phones: No change in meaning, but specific in terms of the actual sound that is produced |
| [ɹ] and [ɹ̥] | [ɹ] is a voiced alveolar approximant eg. <rope> [ɹəʊp] [ɹ̥] is a voiceless alveolar approximant (comes after voiceless consonants, such as [t] and [k]) eg. <trip> [t ɹ̥ɪp] In other contexts, a difference in voicing would change the meaning [peg] – [beg] Here, if we tried to add voicing to <trip> [t ɪp], making [tɹɪp], there would be no change in meaning. |
| One phoneme –Two phones | (one abstract, meaning-distinguisching category – two realisations) |
| Allophones 2 characteristics | Allophones (of a phoneme) are phones that: •Do not distinguish meaning •Are phonetically similar (but not the same) eg. Does not distinguish meaning? [tɹ̥ ɪp] and [tɹɪp] – same meaning o Phonetically similar? [ɹ] – voiced alveolar approximant [ɹ̥] – voiceless alveolar approximant [ɹ] and [ɹ̥] are allophones of /r/! |
| Complementary distribution vs. Free variation ___________ Complementary distribution eg. /r/ | • Two allophones cannot occur in the same environment • One specific environment requires a certain allophone /r/ after voiceless consonants: [ɹ̥] (cannot be [ɹ]) /r/ everywhere else:[ɹ] (ɹ̥ not possible) |
| Complementary distribution of /r/ | |
| Which /r/ is used? Voiced or voiceless? • Trap • Real •Grip • Parallel • Procrastination | Voiceless [ɹ̥] Voiced [ɹ] Voiced [ɹ] Voiced [ɹ] Both voiceless [ɹ̥] |
| Complementary distribution of /l/ 3 allophones | |
| Complementary distribution of /l/ | |
| Which /l/ is used? Troll • Place • Lane • Level • Bland | -> Dark [ɫ] -> Voiceless [l̥] ->Voiced [l] ->1st Voiced, Second dark [l] [ɫ] ->Voiced [l] |
| Free variation | • Speaker has a ‘free choice’ as to which allophone to use (although often it is subconscious) • A position can be filled by a number of options • Again, no change in meaning |
| eg. free variation with /p/: in cap |
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