706888
Description
Flashcards by vicky_hunt, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by vicky_hunt
about 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| 1951, Albert J. Reiss | predict probation revocation among juvenile offenders |
| Reiss reviewed, 1,110 white male juvenile probationers between age of 11 and 17 | psychiatrically diagnosed as having weak ego or superego controls |
| personal controls, ability to refrain from meeting needs in ways that conflicted with the norms and rules of the community | he found probation revocation, did not regularly attend school, described as behaviour problems by school authorities |
| Reiss argued that the failure of personal controls explained both phenomena | accepting at face value the theoretical framework of the psychiatrists |
| Nye - found youths in the 'most delinquent' group were more likely to... | be given either complete freedom or no freedom at all, to have large sums of money available, to be rejecting of their parents and to disprove of their parents appearance |
| control theories present strong challenge to the more common view that juvenile delinquency is caused by | special biological, psychological, or social factors |
| In delinquency and Drift - Matza | emphasize constraint and differentiation |
| delinquents are said to be different from non-delinquents in some fundamental way | and that difference constrains them to commit their delinquencies |
| Matza proposed an alternate image for delinquents that emphasizes | freedom and similarity rather than constraint and differentiation |
| the DRIFT said to occur | social structure in which control has been loosened, freeing the delinquent to respond in whatever conventional or criminal forces happen to come along |
| positive causes of delinquency | may be accidental or unpredictable from the point of view of any theoretical frame of reference and deflection from the delinquent path may be similarly accidental or unpredictable |
| Matza did not deny there were committed and compulsive deviants | but argued, vast majority of delinquents were 'drifters' who were neither |
| they describe their behaviour morally wrong but argue there are... | extenuating circumstances, so that their own delinquent actions are 'guiltless' |
| delinquents do not reject conventional moral values, but neutralize them in a wide variety of circumstances | so that they are able to commit delinquent actions and still consider themselves guiltless |
| sense of responsibility | reinforced by the ideology of the juvenile court, declares that juveniles are not responsible for their actions |
| Matza suggests, some positive causes of delinquency in the sense that there are reasons why | the juvenile chooses delinquent, as opposed to lawful behaviours |
| Hirshci - 1969 - Causes of delinquency | we are all animals and thus all naturally capable of committing criminal acts |
| attachment - i.e., affection for and sensitivity to others | internalization of values and norms |
| commitment | rational investment one has in conventional society, risk one takes when engaging in deviant behaviour |
| involvement | in conventional activities, being busy restricts opportunities for delinquent activities |
| belief | conventional moral beliefs, but neutralized them with excuses so they could commit delinquent acts without feeling guilty |
| most of these studies - find support for two out of the four variables | attachment and commitment |
| control theories have more or less dominated criminology | since Hirschi published his social control theory in 1969 |
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