714274
Description
Flashcards by angeline martin, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by angeline martin
about 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Nerve Fiber | Process or projection of Axon or nerve cells |
| Aura | Sensation come before a physical and mental disorder- example seizures and migrains |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemical messengers released by electrical impulses at the end of the axon |
| Afferent | Sensory= transmits impulses from sensory receptors in skin, sense organs and internal organs to the CNS (brain and spinal cord. |
| Efferent | motor= transmits from the CNS (brain and spinal cord to effectors, muscles and glands |
| Blood Brain Barrier | Blockage formed by astrocytes- that blocks specific substances from entering the brain tissue. |
| Limbic System | Complex neural system beneath the cerebrum that control base emotions and memory |
| Neurolemma | Nerve Husk- PNS - additional external myelin sheath formed by schwann cells on axons |
| Ventricle | Organ chamber or cavity that holds fluid |
| Aneurysm | Aneurysm- dilation or weakness in arterial wall where branching occurs |
| Homeostasis regulation mechanisms | 1. Receptor- receives stimuli, signal sent to the control center 2. Control center processes and send command to the effect or by motor nerve 3. Effect or- produces action to stabilize |
| Central Nervous System (CNS) (Function) | 1. Brain- center of thought and emotion, interpretation of sensory stimuli and coordination of body functions 2. Spinal cord- main pathway for transmission of information between the brain and body |
| Peripheral Nervous System (Nerves in Cranial and Spinal) | 1.Cranial nerves- 12 pairs -act in both a motor and sensory capacity 2. Spinal Nerves- 31 pairs emerge from the spine -both motor and sensory capacities |
| Autonomic nervous system (2 divisions) | Sympathetic (fight or flight) Parasympathetic (rest and digest) |
| Cranial Nerves (12) | 1.Olfactory-2.Optic-3.Oculomotor- 4.trochlear- 5.trigeminal-6.Abducens - 7.Facial- 8.vetibibulocochlear- 9. Glossopharyngeal- 10. Vague- 11. Accessory- 12. Hypoglossal |
| cerebr/o | Cerebrum- smart part of the brain controlling personality- upper region |
| crani/o | Cranium (skull) |
| encephal/o | In the brain |
| Gangli/o | Knot or knot-like mass |
| Kinesis/0 Kino Kinesia | movement |
| Lept/o | thin, slender minenges |
| Lex/o | Word or phrase |
| Mening/o Meningi/o | Meanings (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord) |
| Myel/o | Bone marrow, spinal cord |
| narc/o | Stupor, numbness, sleep |
| dendr/o | Tree-like branching- describes densities- part of the nerve cell- receives stimulus |
| Neur/o | nerve |
| Radicul/o | Nerve root - come together in spinal nerves |
| Sthen/o | strength |
| Thalam/o | Thalamus (sensory relay station) |
| Ton/o | Tension |
| Ventricle | Large chamber, of the heart or brain |
| -algesia -algia | pain |
| -asthenia | Weakness, debility |
| -esthesia | feeling |
| -kinesia | movement |
| -lepsy | seizure |
| -peresis | PARTIAL Paralysis |
| -plegia | Total paralysis (4 limbs) |
| -phasia | speech |
| -taxia | Coordination or order |
| Para | Near, besides, beyond |
| syn- | Union together, joined |
| Uni | One |
| Psycho | mind |
| Ef | Away from |
| Af | toward |
| Somat/o Soma Some | body |
| Soma Some | Body |
| Gli/o Glia | Glue |
| Autism | Condition of self- extreme withdrawal- in fantasy world - inability to communicate |
| Bipolar Disorder | Mental disorder - unusual shifts in mood, emotion, energy, and the ability to function; also called manic depressive illness |
| Bulimia nervosa | Eating disorder - binge and purge |
| depression | Mood disorder- sadness, despair, discouragement and commonly, feeling of low self esteem, guilt and withdrawl |
| Mania | Mood disorder -mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganized behavior, excessively elevated mood |
| Neurosis | Non-psychotic mental disorder that triggers feelings of distress and anxiety and impairs normal behavior |
| psychosis | Break from reality- major emotional disorder in which contact with reality is lost to the point that the individual is incapable of meeting the challenges of daily life |
| Panic Attacks | Sudden intense feeling of fear that comes without warning |
| Hallucinations | See and hear things that are not there |
| Delusions | When you have a thought that is not true- example a person that thinks they can fly |
| agnosia | Condition of not knowing |
| asthenia | Without strength - Weakness |
| ataxia | No opening |
| Closed Head Trauma | Injury to the head-no opening- brain tissue not exposed- Duran mater remains in tact |
| coma | Abnormally deep unconciousness |
| dementia | Cognitive decline (function intellectually) memory problems |
| dyslexia | Difficulty with learning and processing words into meaningful information - difficulty with reading writing and speech |
| Cerebral Palsy | group of non-aggressive disorders with some degree of motor impairment(paresis or pelagic) caused by brain damage in a perinatal period |
| Gillian - Barre syndrome | Inflammatory process in myelin sheath of peripheral nerve- could have weakness or paralysis |
| Herpes Zoster | Shingles |
| Huntington Chorea | Degenerative disease of the CNS characterized by quick involuntary movements, speech disturbances, and mental deterioration- in the basal nuclei at the base of the cerebrum |
| Hydrocephalus 1. Acquired 2. Congenital | Water on the brain in ventricles 1. Acquired = develops at birth or any time afterward as a result of injury or disease 2. congenital= caused by factors that occur during fetal development or as a result of genetic abnormalities |
| Parkinson Disease (opposite from Huntington Chorea) | Degenerative disease- Bottom of cerebrum (black substances)- has too much control of accessory movement- resulting in stiffness, shaking |
| Nerosis | Mental illness that involves emotion- sometimes triggered by some event of the past |
| psychosis | Major thought disorder- lose contact with reality |
| anencephaly | Congenital deformity in which some or all of fetal brain is missing |
| Spinal bifid | Defect of neural tube- brain and spinal cord do not form correctly |
| Meningocele | Form of spinal bifida in which at he spinal cord develops properly but the meanings protrude through the spine |
| myelomeningocele | Most severe form of spinal bifida in which the spinal cord and meanings protrude through the spine |
| Occulta | Form of spinal bifida in which one or more vertebrae are malformed and the spinal cord is covered with a layer of skin |
| palsy | Paralysis usually partial and commonly characterized by weakness and shaking or uncontrolled tremor |
| Palsy (bell) | Facial paralysis - common - 7th cranial nerve issue |
| Palsy (cerebral) | type of paralyze that affects movement and body position and some times speech and learning ability |
| paralysis | Loss of voluntary motion in one or more muscle groups with or without loss of sensation |
| Paralysis (hemiplegia) | One side paralysis (right or left) |
| Paralysis (paraplegia) | Lower limbs |
| Paralysis (quadriplegia) | Paralysis from neck down (4 limbs) |
| paraesthesia | Sensation of numbness, pickling, tingling or heightened sensitivity |
| polyomyelitis | Inflammation of gray matter of the brain or spinal cord and bone marrow- caused by virus resulting in paralysis |
| Reye syndrome | Disease - process where the brain and liver is destroyed and fat takes a larger presence |
| Syncope | fainting |
| electroencephalography | Recording of electrical activity in the brain |
| electromyography | Recording of electrical signals in the muscle |
| Tonic clonic seizure | Tonic= stiffness clonic = jerking and shaking |
| Transient ischemic attack | Temporary decrease in oxygen of the blood flow to the brain |
| Lumbar puncture | Lower back- needle puncture of the spinal cavity to extract spinal fluid |
| Nerve conduction velocity | Test that measures speed in which electrical impulses travel through a nerve |
| cryosurgery | Destroy tissue with freezing cold method |
| stereostatic radiosurgery SRS | Precisely focused radiation beams used to treat tumors or other abnormal growths |
| thalamotomy | Partial destruction of the Thalamus to treat intractable pain |
| tractomy | transversely cutting of nerve tracts (clusters of cell processes in the CNS) |
| Nerve tracts | Clusters of cell processes in the CNS |
| trephination | Cut a circular hole in the skull to relieve pressure in the brain |
| Nerves | Clusters of cell processes in the PNS consists of cranial and spinal nerves |
| Ventriculoperitoneal shunting | relieves intracranial pressure due to hydrocephalus by diverting excess cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricles into the peritoneal or thoracic cavity |
| Cerebral spinal fluid analysis | Lab test to examine a sample of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord |
| angiography | Recording of vessel with contrast |
| Computed tomography angiography (CTA) | Angiography in combination with CT scan to produce a high resolution three dimensional image of the blood vessel |
| discography | CT scan of the lumbar region- with contrast |
| echoencephalography | Ultrasound technique to study intracranial structures- with contrast |
| Magnetic source imaging MSI | Non- invasive neuroimaging technique to pinpoint the specific location where seizure activity originates |
| myelography | x ray t detect pathology of the spinal cord including location of the spinal cord injury, cysts and tumors following injection of contrast medium |
| Positron emission tomography | CT that recordspositions of positiveloy charged particles emitted from radiopharmaceutical and produces a cross sectional image of metabolic activity of body tissues to determine the presence of disease |
| anesthesia | Partial or complete loss of sensation or feeling |
| Anesthesia (general) | Act upon the brain to produce a loss of feeling with a loss of consciousness |
| Anesthesia (nerve block) | Regional anesthestic |
| antiparkinsonsian agents | Control tremors and muscle rigidity associated with the disease |
| antipsychotics | treat psychosis and schizophrenia by altering chemicals in the brain, including the limbic system which controls muscles |
| antidepressants | treat multiple symptoms of depression by increasing levels of specific neurotransmitters |
| hypnotics | depress the central nervous system functions. promote sedation and sleep, and relieve agitation, anxiousness and restlessness |
| psychostimulants | increase psychomotor activities in most patients by increasing neurotransmitters- induce tem improvements in mental or physical functions - reduce fatigue , promotes alertness- used for ADHD patients to improve concentration and impulse control |
| CNS | central nervous system |
| CSF | Cerebralspinal fluid |
| CVA | cerebrovascular accident |
| EMG | Electromyography |
| EEG | Electroencephalography |
| LOC | Loss of control |
| LP | Lumbar puncture |
| PNS | Peripheral nervous system |
| TIA | transient ischemic attack |
| ANS | Autonomic nervous system |
| Vagectomy | interruption of the function of the vagus nerve to relieve peptic ulcer disease |
| Neuron | a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell. Sends Signals: afferent and efferent |
| Neuroglia | Nerve Glue- bind neurons and tissues together - supply nutrients & O2- assist in metabolic activities - plays and important role when the nervous system suffers and injury or infection. they do not transmit signals |
| Nerve Impulse | a progressive wave of electric and chemical activity along a nerve fiber that stimulates or inhibits the action of a muscle, gland, or other nerve cell. |
| Neuroglia CNS Type (1 of 4) Astrocytes | 1. Astrocytes-star shaped, serves as mechanical support to neurons-forms tight covering around capillaries of brain (blood brain Barrier) |
| Neuroglia CNS Blood Brain Barrier | BBB- keeps specific germs and substances from entering delicate tissues of the brain |
| Neuroglia CNS Type (2 of 4) Oligodendrocytes | Helps with the development of fatty insulation myelin sheath on the neurons of the CNS "hot dog wrap" |
| Nueroglia CNS Type (3 of 4) Microglia | very small in size but function like a macrophages; are phagocytes and help fight infection |
| Neuroglia CNS Type (4 or 4) Ependyma | ciliated cells, line fluid filled cavities of CNS especially ventricles - help with circulation of cerebrospinal fluid |
| Neuroglia in PNS (1 of 1) Schwann cell | forms myelin (insulation with "jelly roll")wrap |
| Difference in the CNS and PNS | 1. CNS = center of nervous system (brain and spinal cord 2. PNS= periphery of nervous system-cranial and spinal nerves and sensory receptors |
| Neuron Structure (1 of 3) Cell body | 1. cell body- enlarged main structure also called soma - contains nucleus, organelles and cytoplasm |
| Neuron Structure Dendrite- (2 of 3) (part of the branching cytoplasmic process) | receives and transmits impulses to the cell body- many tiny branches (like on trees) |
| Neuron structure - Axon (3 of 3) Branching of the cytoplasmic process | Main branch from cell body -transmits impulses to muscles, glands and other neurons- end of axon is called the terminal- button-like end of terminal is called the synaptic knob |
| Synapse | A place where a signal passes from one nerve cell to another - passes from an axon to another excitable membrane- plasma membrane of an effector or another neuron |
| Axon Terminal Function | refers to the end of an axon or an axon branch, which forms a synapse on a neuron or other target (with the help of the synaptic knob at the end of the terminal) |
| Mininges - Dura Mater (connective tissue protective membranes) (1 of 3) | Dura Mater- outer most membrane, strong fibrous connective tissue (name means - hard or tough mother |
| Mininges (Arachnoid Mater) (connective tissue protective membranes) (2 of 3) | Arachnoid Mater- middle membrane "spider-web-like"; spinal fluid circulation in space below it (name means spider-like mother) |
| Mininges (Pia Mater) (connective tissue protective membranes) (3 of 3) | Pia Mater- inner most delicate membrane on surface of brain and spinal cord- contains blood vessels and lymphatics that nourish outer brain; means "tender little mother" |
| White Matter (location and function) | Bundles of myelinated axons sheath (gives white color) • Located in and around the outside of the Spinal Cord • In the Brain, the Matter is towards the inside under the gray matter • Peripheral Nerves of (PNS) and all tracts in CNS. |
| Gray Matter | Contains mostly nerve cell bundles and Unmyelinated fibers (looks gray or pink due to organelles in cytoplasm) - Location -• In the Spinal Cord, the matter shows a "H" or "Butterfly" shape in the center. • In the Brain, it is the outer covering of Brain matter. • Within the inside of the Brain, you have Nuclei. • Nuclei are centers of ____ matter within the white matter. |
| Brain Structures Cerebrum (1 of 7) | 2 upper halves (L&R), separated by longitudal fissure-5 lobes- 4 lobes named (bones they cover) 1.frontal, 2.parietal, 3.temporal, 4.occipital - The other is the insula posterior end of lateral sulcus |
| Brain Structures - Cerebrum- Corpus Collosum (2 of 7) | Corpus Collosum- largest white matter fiber tract- it is "C" shaped- connects cerebral hemispheres- allows for communication between the L&R sides of the brain |
| Brain Structures Cerebrum - Cerebra surface = Gyri and Sulci (3 of 7) | Cerebral Surface: 1. Gyri- folds or elevated ridges on cerebral surface 2. Sulci- shallow fissures or grooves, separates gyri |
| Brain Structures - Cerebrum - Cerebral Cortex -(4 of 7) | Cerebra Cortex (approximately 3/4 of brain)- thin layer of gray matter on the surface made of millions of cell bodies |
| Brain Structures - Cerebrum - Cerebral White Matter -(5 of 7) | Myelinated axons |
| Brain Structures - Cerebrum - Basal Nuclei-(6 of 7) | Masses of gray matter deep in cerebrum; regulates and organizes accessory movements (old name Basal Ganglia) |
| Brain Structures - Cerebrum - Substancia Nigra-(7 of 7) | functionally part of the basal nuclei; located in the mid brain- name means (black substance) |
| Brain Structures - Diencephalon - (1 of 4) | Innerbrain with 2 main structures which are the thalamus and hypothalamus- and the limbus system border |
| Brain Structures - Diencephalon - Thalamus-(1 of 3) | "relay station" for sensory input (shaped like a football)- accepts sensory stimuli except olfactory; then processes and transmits them to cerebral cortex |
| Brain Structures - Diencephalon - Hypothalamus-(2 of 3) | responsible for "basic animal instincts" drives (thirst, hunger, sex)- regulates temperature, fluid balance, and many endocrine functions- considered the center of the autonomic nervous system |
| Brain Structures - Diencephalon - Limbus System Border -(3 of 3) | Functional group of nuclei and tracts between cerebrum and diencephalon- contains "motivational system"- emotions and feelings- fear, anger, pleasure |
| Brain Structures - Brain Stem (1 of 5) | pathway or highway for impulses between brain and spinal cord. called primary brain- because it is responsible for beginning and end of life |
| Brain Structures - Brain Stem Midbrain (2 of 5) | also called thee mesencephalon (middle brain), connects cerebrum with brain stem |
| Brain Structures - Brain Stem Pons (3 of 5) | "bridge"; looks like a "bulges"; controls certain patterns of respiration- has myelinated axons that connects midbrain to medulla |
| Brain Structures - Brain Stem Medulla Oblongata (4 of 5) | attaches to spinal cord; controls vital signs, looks like "small bulges"- controls respiratory rate, blood pressure, heart rate- contains involuntary centers; cough, sneeze, etc. |
| Brain Structures - Brain Stem Decussation of the pyramid (5 of 5) | fibers of motor neurons that cross over from one side of the brain to the other side |
| Somatic nervous system (SNS) | Somatic= 1.(voluntary) associated with voluntary movement (walking talking-operates through conscious control) -2. transmits sensory info to the brain and spinal cord - 3. transmits motor info from brain and spinal cord to skeletal muscles |
| Autonomic nervous system (ANS) (2 divisions) | (Involuntary)- associated with involuntary movement; operates without conscious control- digestion, heart contraction, vasoconstriction and gland secretion - consists of nerve fibers that 1. transmit sensory information to the brain and spinal cord 2. transmits motor information from brain and spinal cord to glands, and smooth and cardiac muscle tissue- Important Note- there are two divisions of the ANS= parasympathetic and sympathetic |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | Active and acute stress or crises situations (fight/fright/ flight)- decreases gastrointestinal activity |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | Active during normal body functions "digest/rest/nest" 1. stimulates blood flow to gastrointestinal tract and increases its activity- 2. slows heart rate. decreases breathing and blood pressure |
| Spinal Nerves | 31 pairs- (mixed- sensory and motor) exits spinal cord between spaces |
| Leptomininges | term for arachnoid and pia mater because of thinness and delicacy |
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