FOUNDATIONS OF RESEARCH

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foundations of research
Hanin Lewa
Flashcards by Hanin Lewa, updated more than 1 year ago
Hanin Lewa
Created by Hanin Lewa about 7 years ago
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Question Answer
What are Paradigms? A systematic theoretical and mythodological framework which can't be directly tested
What are examples of a positivist framework approach? Behaviouralism and Rational choice theory
What are examples of a Non-positivist framework approach? Interpretative/Hermeneutics and post-modernist thoeries
What is hermeneutics? knowledge based on interpretation
What is positivism? political science can be: natural sciences such as physics and biology neoclassical economics needs to emulate physics and math Rational Choice Theory: political sci needs to emulate economics Perestroika debate
What is the Scientific Method and it's goal? findings based on objective, and systematic observation and verified through public inspection and results -the ultimate goal is to use verifiable results to construct theories that explain why phenomena behave the way they do
What is the structure of the scientific method research? Research Question- asks why or how phenomena behave Theory- body of statements that synthesize knowledge and explain phenomena Hypotheses- terms to be tested through collection and analysis of empirical data Empirical Analysis- confirms or refutes the hypotheses and theory and answers question
The example of the science of friendship is what type of approach? Positivist approach- rational choice theory
Ethical Issues in resreach? -no harm - 1 person/group bears an undue burden of the research risk - risk assessment is key - balance b/w personal gain and risk of harm -always weighted in favor of research subjects
What is ethics of resreach? avoiding harm in researching participants such as stress, pain etc
What are 3 examples of violation of research ethics? -Standford Prison experiment -Milgram obedience to authority experimental studies -Nazi medical experiments
violations of research integrity include? plagiarism and falsification of data or research results, etc
What does REB stand for and what does it do? and what are other similar institutions? Research Ethics Board in Canada - review of projects including human subjects -too restrictive or too intrusive? -Academic freedom other: Institutional review boards in US and Ethical codes in various disciplines
Policies in Canada regarding ethics? why do they exist? Charter of Rights and Freedoms -REB, approval process -Tri council policy statement: ethican conduct for research involving humans - this is administered through REB - these policies are due to inadvertment harm caused to participants
REB is? details? Research Ethics board. approval must be obtained before people are participants, appeal process -REBS are internal to institutions: -uni's colleges, gov'ts. priv companies Must have external rep conflict of interest- funding and work w/ applicant
Quantitative vs qualitative approvals? Quant is easier, collection of data from one person at a time, specific hypothesis and specific plan for resting Qual may capture data on people that would not want their activities observed, cautious REB can restrict project, funding and prevent research, flexibility- indeterminate methods
Tri council policy statement has 3 principles, what are they? -justice -concern for welfare - respect for persons
Respect for persons in the tri council consists of what ? consent- active vs passive, must understand and be actually able to consent, guardian or agent for limited ability Impractical in Ethnography (participant observation)- prevent contamination of subjects, unforeseen changes in project due to emerging theme, unknown people may enter research setting -researcher can rely on verbal consent -not all participants will get same information
concern for welfare in tri council policy statement consists of what? -Wellbeing of person/group/community- avoiding harm, inadvertent identification, embarassment, etc -Privacy -Confidentiality must be maintained
Justice consistes of what? No person should be exploited for research (prison inmates) and principle of no harm should still be followed -paid participation may induce risks beyond participants behaviour pressure to remain beyond stopping point
What is a theory? A body of statements that synthesizes knowledge and explains phenomena an explanation of observed patterns or regularities
Can a paradigm be tested directly? no
Can a theory be tested directly? yes
What are exmaples of theories? Rational choice of voting, Seymour Martin Libsets theory of democracy
The tooth brushing article uses what approach, and what theory? Rational choice theory, deductive approach
What is a deductive approach? An approach that starts with a theory and then proceeds with findings and observations relies on quantitative data, employes research hypothesis
What is research hypothesis? testable expectation about empirical reality that follows from a more general proposition theory
What approach does the Shelock holmes example use? inductive appraoch
What is the deductive approach process? 1. Theory 2. Hypothesis 3. Data collection 4. Findings 5.Hypothesis confirmed of rejected 6. Revision of theory
What is an inductive approach? starts with observations and finding and then formulates a theory and explanation relies on qualitative data research questions gathering or examining data and then deriving a theory or explanation from data
What is a research question? states purpose of study in form of a question
Qualitative research is? words and non numerical data relies on post positivist paradigm interpretivist and post modernist
quantitative data is? numerical and statistic data relies on positivist paradigm uses rational choice and behaviouralism
According to tri council policy statement, term "consent" means ...? free, informed and ongoing
social sciences paradigm based on natural sciences methodology is often referred to as...? positivism
What are the 3 core principles of research ethics as outlined by the tri council policy statement? Justice, concern for welfare, respect for persons
is the deductive approach typically qualitative or quantitative? quantitative
What are paradigms? systemic theoretical and methodological frameworks that can't be tested directly.
What are concepts Terms that enable us to classify or describe political phenomena
What are variables? A quantifiable measure of a concept
What is an index? A composite measure created from related variables
What is validity? The degree of correspondence between the measure and the concept
Reliability is? Extent to which a research, hypothesis test or any measuring procedure yields the same or similar results in repeated cases.
Replicability is? Results remain the same when others repeat all or part of a study
Qualitative features? Thick description, non positivist, interpretivist/hermeneutics, post modernism, inductive, small number of cases, research question, words and images
Quantitative features? Thin description, positivist, rational choice, behaviouralism, deductive, large number of cases, research hypothesis, numbers and statistics.
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