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| Question | Answer |
| Traditional role of Roman parents (models: Cato the Elder and Cornelia) | a) adherence to the stricter virtues of the ancient Roman character. Cato undertook his son’s education himself rather than entrust it to a slave. |
| a) Varro (1st cent. B.C.E) divided academic disciplines into categories. System modified in Late Antiquity gives rise to Trivium and Quadrivium | Educational Curriculum: Trivium (grammar, logic and rhetoric) and Quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy) |
| Rhetorical training: Teaching method of Quintilian | a) Gradual: Education of fledgling students b) Realistic: not all will reach the top of the mountain but all willing to make the effort would climb higher than the point from which they had originally started. c) Drills: memory is a learning tool that becomes better as we nourish and strengthen it. |
| Simile | Comparison of two unlike things that is often introduced by ‘like’ or ‘as’ |
| Metaphor | Juxtaposition of an actual thing and a figurative thing so as to give more meaning to the figurative concept. |
| ALLEGORY | An extended metaphor, often a story used to shed light on a subject. |
| PARABLE | : An extended metaphor narrated as an anecdote illustrating and teaching a moral lesson. |
| FABLE | A story in which animals are involved that has a moral message |
| METONYMY | : conceptual substitution. |
| SYNECDOCHE: | a) substitution of a part for whole. |
| HYPERBOLE: | Exaggeration to create emphasis or effect. |
| IRONY: | h) the surface meaning and the underlying meaning of what is said are not the same. |
| LITOTES: | i) Affirmation through negation |
| HYPERBATON: | j) "One swallow does not a summer make” |
| Noun | a) -Nomen |
| Verb | b) -Verbum |
| Adjective | c) -Adiectivum |
| Adverb | d) -Ad-verbium |
| Pronoun | e) -Pro-nomen |
| Preposition | f) -Prae-positio |
| Roman Numerals: Be able to convert Roman numbers to our numerical system or viceversa | a) 1-I, 5-V, 10-X, 50-L, 100-C, 500-D, 1000-M b) Note: Smaller number in front means subtraction, otherwise addition c) Note: No ZERO! (makes arithmetic difficult) |
| Catullus (ca. 84-54 B.C.E.) | a) : Wrote a book of 16 poems which runs the whole gamut of human emotions (romance, wit, grief, irony. Etc) |
| Horace (65-8 B.C.E): | b) Wrote odes, many dealing with the hard truths of human experience |
| Martial (ca 40-102 C.E): | c) Wrote epigrams in which he mocks some of his contemporaries |
| Juvenal (ca 55-138 C.E): | d) Wrote satires, rants on foreigners, women, follies of human wishes, etc |
| Roman literature: modeled after Greek literature. Beginnings. | a) Livius Andronicus, Greek from Tarentum translates the Odyssey ca. 240 B.C.E and b) Ennius (early 2nd. Cent. B.C.E. adapts the dactylic hexameter to the Latin language. |
| Brief bio of Vergil | Born ca. 70 B.C.E, he was from northern Italy, family suffered during civil wars (his father’s farm confiscated). Becomes a writer, publishes two books (Eclogues and Georgics), becomes famous, attracts patronage of Maecenas (Augustus’ minister of culture), starts writing Aeneid in ca. 30 B.C.E. - what he intends to be his masterpiece to rival Homer– and dies in 19 B.C.E. The book was almost complete and was published with minor editing. |
| Themes of the Aeneid: | a) ‘Pious’ Aeneas’s mission to find a homeland for his people, b) foretelling of founding of Rome, c) foretelling of future Punic wars d) foretelling of Roman domination of the Timeline of events: 1,200 years of history and epic narratives. See slides entitled ‘timeline’ |
| Aeneid 1-6: parallels Odyssey (in reverse) | i. Odyssey: hero returns home after traveling to an unknown land, overcoming many obstacles. ii. Aeneid: hero leaves home for good and travels to an unknown land, overcoming many obstacles. |
| Aeneid 7-12: parallels Iliad (in reverse) | i. Iliad: Trojan prince has stolen princess from Greece; Trojans then defend themselves against invading Greek army. ii. Aeneid: Trojan prince ‘invades’ Italy and ‘steals’ princess; Italians then defend themselves against ‘invading’ Trojan army. |
| Major events in Book 1, Book 2, Book 4 and Book 6 (see slide ‘Events in the Aeneid) | a) Sack of Troy (Book 2 of the Aeneid) b) Aeneas departs. Dido commits suicide (Book 4) c) Aeneas visits the Underworld (Book 6) |
| Odysseus and Aeneas’ shared experiences in travels: | a) Scylla and Charybdis b) Polyphemus |
| a) I sing of arms and the man b) hurled about endlessly by land and sea c) by cruel Juno’s remorseless anger d) from that the Latin people e) came, the lords of Alba Longa, the walls of noble Rome | Proem (opening lines) of the Aeneid and its allusions to the Iliad and the Odyssey |
| Aeneid’s major characters and their counterparts in Homeric Poems: | a) Athena/Venus, b) Dido/Calypso and Circe, c) Helen/Lavinia, d) Hector/Turnus, e) Patroclus/Pallas |
| Dactyl: | unit or ‘foot’ –(long-short-short –Dum-da-da |
| Spondee: | long-long –Dum-dum |
| Literary issues: Major passages in which Virgil mimics Homer. | a) treatment of Dido versus Calypso and b) visit to the Underworld |
| Augustus’ Propaganda and its reflection in the Aeneid: | a) Augustus as military commander, b) Augustus brings peace to Rome (Pontifex Maximus) and c) Augustus as rightful heir of the ‘Divine Julius’. Genealogy of Augustus and the theme of Pietas |
| Two major episodes in the Aeneid: | a) Visit to the Underworld foretells the future glory of Rome and b) the description of the shield of Aeneas describes the battle of Actium putting Augustus at the center of Roman History. |
| Augustan propaganda | •Rightful heir (and avenger) of Julius Caesar •Military commander •Peace •Modesty •Benefactor of the city |
| Vestibulum | a) -entrance hall (porch), mosaics with message to visitors |
| Taberna | b) -shop |
| Atrium | c) -formal entrance hall. Big open space for light and ventilation |
| Impluvium | d) -hole on roof for rain water |
| Cubiculum | e) -small room; bedroom, private meetings and libraries |
| Triclinium | f) -dining room, dining room with 3 couches |
| Tablinum | g) -office; study, folding panel doors |
| Peristylium | h) -colonnaded garden, wall paintings |
| Insulae: Major characteristics | a) Tenement buildings occupying a block of the city. Up to 7 stories. Lower floors are the most expensive and higher floors are cheapest |
| Public buildings: Features and uses: | a) Circus- Chariot races b) Theater- for plays c) Amphitheater- gladiatorial games and animal hunting d) Stadium- Foot races and athletic contests |
| Basilicas | a) -Large public building (often in the Forum) used for legal and business matters |
| Munera | a) - gladiatorial games |
| Venationes | b) - animal hunting |
| Circus Maximus: Major characteristics or chariot races | a) Chariots had usually four horses b) Had to complete seven laps around the track c) Minimal rules. Competitive and violent d) Lifespan of charioteers usually short but some could become rich and famous |
| History of gladiatorial games | a) 264 BCE Earliest recorded gladiator games b) 216 BCE Three days of munera, 22 pairs of gladiators in Forum c) 183 BCE, Game with 120 gladiators d) Late Republic Pompey and Caesar offered even more extravagant games e) Trajan (early 2nd cent. AD): Three months of gladiatorial games in Colosseum |
| Lanista | a) : Manager of gladiators |
| Editor | b) : One who put gladiatorial games at his own expenses for the benefit of the commoners |
| Gladius | c) : Short Roman sword with length ideal for cutting and stabbing |
| Scutum | d) : Rectangular shield made of vertically connected wooden boards |
| Manica | e) : Segmented arm guard made of leather and/or metal alloys. |
| Colosseum: Major characteristics | a) 50,000 spectators 76 entrances for spectators Finished ca. 80 C.E. |
| Construction materials: | a) Tufo Marble, b) Opus (brickwork), c) Concrete d) Barrel Vault e) Dome |
| Thermae | a) : Imperial bath complexes (e.g. Caracalla) |
| Balneae | b) : Smaller facilities (often privately owned) |
| Tepidarium | c) = warm Separate room |
| Frigidarium | d) = cold Cold pool of water |
| Social Orders in the Imperial Period and its pyramidal structure | a) Imperial Family: Top of the pyramid Senators: richest and most privileged b) Equestrians: ‘business’ men, one notch below senators c) Decurions: local aristocracy in towns and provinces d) Plebs: Commoners not belonging to three upper orders e) ‘Better-off commoners’: wealthy freedmen involved in commerce, some tradesmen and craftsmen |
| Senators and Equites: Their status symbols and honorific titles | a) Senators wore a toga with a broad purple stripe, sat in the front seat at spectacles. Equestrians wore a toga with a narrow purple stripe, sat behind the senators b) Honorific titles seen in inscriptions (vir clarissimus for senators and vir egregious for equestrians) |
| Role of status in Roman society: Pliny’s saying ‘nothing is more unequal than equality itself’ and its meaning within Roman social system | a) Men of importance should not treated as men of lesser rank (that would be unfair and un-equal) |
| Patron-client relationship: | a) Hierarchical relations . Important person has retinue of dependents |
| Atomistic model: | a) Proximity to man of importance can give unexpected power to low-ranked individuals |
| Slavery in Antiquity: Major characteristics, quality of life and social status | a) Slavery not determined by race or ethnicity but by status b) Anyone could fall into slavery. No racial distinction slave/owner c) Once enslaved it was possible for slaves to re-emerge and rejoin free society as liberti |
| Sources of slaves and their occupations | a) Prisoners of war (servus= spared person) b) Vernae: Children born to slaves in-house c) Unwanted children: Often exposed, could be enslaved if founded d) Foreign trade beyond the frontiers of the Empire brought slaves e) Pirates (sea) and brigands (roads) could find people and enslave them |
| Modern City | a) -Rich and poor neighborhoods separated, Distinct area for living/commerce/official business, Fluid mobility within the city, Hygiene/providing infrastructure for everybody |
| Roman City | b) -Rich patron surrounded by clients, No much zoning, Generally stay same area, Not important in Roman times, except after the fact (fire in Rome , 64 C.E.) |
| The military camp (major characteristics and its role as a precursor of cities) | a) Surrounded by outer ditch (fossa) and rampart (vallum) b) Decumanus: East street-West c) Cardo: North-South street d) Praetorium: General’s tent |
| What buildings would you expect to find in a Roman city? | a) -Indispensible: basilica, bath,, market, religious buildings, senate house, shops, storehouse b) Also common: amphi/theater, circus, library, stadium |
| Annona | Free distribution of grain to the urban population Annona personified as a ‘goddess’ |
| Porticus Aemilia | : Complex of warehouses |
| Horreum | (pl. horrea) Public warehouses |
| “Lupanar” | Brothel |
| Types of scripts | Capital Majuscule Cursive Minuscule |
| Capital | a) : block letters,commonly found in inscriptions on stone (permanent material) |
| Majuscule | b) (uncial): modified,more curvy, capital letters |
| Cursive | c) : handwriting developed for non-literary texts: documents, land deeds, marriage certificates, private letters, etc) |
| Minuscule | d) : cursive-like writing style for literary texts |
| Types of writing materials | papyrus scroll parchment codex wax tablet |
| Papyrus | a) : reed-like plant that grows along the Nile |
| Parchment | b) : animal skin (goats, sheep, etc). Used for very important documents or expensive editions |
| Scrolls | c) : Used for all types of literary texts. Sheet of papyri glued together Typical length 35 feet |
| Codex | d) : Initially four bent leaves of papyrus used for non-literary purposes |
| Wax tablet | e) : Made of wood and covered wood, could be inscribed with a stylus (pen) Rewritable and portable surface |
| Problems with preservation of ancient literature: (a) transmission, (b) authorship and (c) date and place of publication | a) Less than ten percent of ancient literature survive b) Texts that are extant have to be reconstructed from available manuscripts which differ from one another c) Oftentimes there are questions about authorship (forgery and pseudonimity were common in Antiquity d) Unlike modern editions of books, most of the time we don’t know the exact date and place of publication |
| Intrinsic Probability: | a) style and grammar, b) views expressed c) vocabulary |
| Transcriptional Probability: Does it look like an alteration made by a scribe. | a) To correct a mistake (scriptural citation, geographical, etc) b) To improve the style of passage in which the verse appears c) To harmonize it with a known and similar passage |
| EXTERNAL EVIDENCE (study of manuscripts): | a) Age of the manuscript: The earlier the better, b) Geographical extent of manuscripts: the wider the better, c) multiple attestations from complete manuscripts, fragmentary manuscripts and quotations found in later authors. |
| Roman Glass: Types: | a) mold cast, b) core-formed c) blown glass |
| Amphorae and their uses | a) Ancient equivalent of plastic containers-olive oil and wine |
| Roman diet: What is garum? | Most common condiment-Fermented fish sauce, |
| Julio-Claudian dynasty and its Emperors | a) Augustus (27 BC–14 AD), Tiberius (14–37), Caligula (37–41), Claudius (41–54), Nero (54–68) |
| 69 C.E. The year of the four emperors. Tacitus’ views on the events | a) for now had been divulged that secret of the empire, that emperors could be made elsewhere than at Rome. |
| The Flavian dynasty: Vespasian, brief bio, accomplishments and events during his reign. | a) Successful general who defeated Jews in Jewish War (66-73 A.D.) b) First one to adopt officially the title Imperator c) Thrifty Emperor, economy improves after the treasury had been depleted by Nero d) New senators from the provinces (Gaul and Spain) e) Supervises frontiers and soldiers |
| The Antonine Dynasty: The five good Emperors | a) Nerva b) Trajan c) Hadrian d) Antoninus Pius e) Marcus Aurelius |
| Trajan: brief bio, accomplishments, conquests and events during his reign | a) Originally from Spain (first non-Italian Emperor) b) Great general c) Admired and respected by upper classes d) Conquers Dacia (modern Romania) which yielded 225 tons of gold, 450 tons of silver and 50,000 slaves |
| The column of Trajan and scenes depicted in it. | a) Depicts conquest of Dacia Also conquests Mesopotamia and Armenia Policy with growing sect of Christians |
| Major events/accomplishments of Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius | a) Hadrian-Rebuilt the Pantheon, Subjugated the Jews after second revolt (132-136 C.E.), Made beard popular among his contemporaries b) Antoninus Pius-Uneventful times, peace and prosperity throughout Empire, Imperial System at its zenith, Collection of Legal Treatises c) Marcus Aurelius-Philosopher King, writes Meditations, Campaigns against Germans and Parthians, Selects as his heir his own son Commodus, bad move |
| Crisis of the third century (235-284 C.E.) | a) After Severan Dynasty a long crisis begins. Evidence for: (a) severe economical decline, (b) political instability and (c) military pressure on borders |
| Ovid (read selections from Metamorphoses). Major points in Ovid’s biography. Nature and scope of the book. Meter and self-conscious adaptation and references to traditional myth. Beginning and ending lines of the poem. | a) Metamorphoses a 15-book collection of mythical stories that form a continuous mythological narrative from the creation of the world till Ovid’s times. becomes an encyclopedia of classical mythology |
| Daphne and Apollo | a) -Apollo, wounded by Cupid’s arrow, falls in love with the nymph Daphne. He chases her throughout the woods as he begs for her love. Daphne is transformed into a laurel tree |
| Pygmalion | b) -A sculptor, not interested in women, who carved a woman out of ivory and named The statue was so beautiful that Pygmalion fell in love with it. Pygmalion married the ivory sculpture and had a daughter together, Paphos |
| Pyramus and Thisbe | c) -Two young lovers in Babylon living in adjacent houses In love with each other but forbidden to be wed, because of family rivalries. They arrange to meet under a mulberry tree and state their feelings for each other. Thisbe arrives first, escapes after seeing a lioness, but leaves behind her veil. Pyramus arrives he is horrified next, horrified at the sight of Thisbe's veil, Pyramus kills himself, falling onto his sword à la Roman fashion. Thisbe returns, finds Pyramus' dead body under the shade of the mulberry tree and stabs herself with the same sword. |
| Ovid’s treatment of Augustus in book 15. Possible interpretations? | a) ‘So great Atreus cedes the title to Agamemnon : so Theseus outdoes Aegeus (disregard), and Achilles his father Peleus (neglect): and lastly, to quote an example worthy of these two, so Saturn is less than Jove (violence).’ |
| Stylometry | The statistical study of quantifiable features of style |
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