885104
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Flashcards by TianaBlackwell, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by TianaBlackwell
about 12 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What do cells need to survive? | Constant supply of Oxygen and Glucose |
| What needs to be removed from cells? | Carbon Dioxide and Water |
| What is the cellular respiration equation.? | C6H1206 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy |
| Name the fluid that surrounds the cell | Extracellular or Tissue fluid |
| Define Homeostasis | When body systems work together to make sure that the cellular environment is kept constant |
| What needs to be kept constant in a cell? | Temperature and the concentration of fluids around cell |
| What do cell membranes do? | Creates a barrier between cells and their surroundings and determines which substances are allowed in and out of the cell |
| What are cell membranes mainly composed of? | Lipids and proteins |
| What is the bi-layer made of? | Lipid molecules that contain a phosphate group known as phospholipids which are arranged into two layers |
| Name 3 transportation ways across a membrane | - Diffusion - Carrier mediated diffusion -Vesicular transport |
| Is diffusion a passive or active process? | Passive |
| Is carrier mediated diffusion a passive or active process? | Passive OR active depending on the exact nature of the mechanism |
| Is vesicular transport a passive or active process? | Passive |
| Define diffusion | The spreading out of particles so they become evenly distributed over the space available |
| Does diffusion occur in liquids, solids or gases? | Gases and liquids because their molecules are always moving |
| Does diffusion move high to low, or low to high concentration? | High areas of concentration to low areas |
| Define Osmosis | The diffusion of a solvent, mainly water, through a semi permeable membrane from high to low concentration |
| Define carrier mediated transport | Special proteins in the cell membrane that bind to an ion or a molecule and help it move across the membrane |
| Name the two types of carrier mediated diffusion | Facilitated diffusion and active transport |
| Is facilitated diffusion a passive or active process? | Passive |
| In facilitated diffusion, do substances move from high to low concentration or low to high? | High to low |
| What happens in facilitated diffusion? | The transported molecule binds to a carrier protein which changes shape moving the molecule to the opposite side of the cell membrane where it is released |
| How is facilitated diffusion different from simple diffusion? | Once all the carrier molecules are in use, the process cannot go any faster |
| Is active transport a passive or active process? | Active |
| Does active transport move from high to low concentration or low to high? | low to high |
| Is vesicular transport an active or passive process? | Active |
| What happens in vesicular transport? | Materials move into or out of the cell enclosed as vesicles (bubble like structures surrounded by a membrane) |
| Name the two types of vesicular transport | Endocytosis and Exocytosis |
| What happens in Endocytosis? | the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole. |
| Name the two types of endocytosis | Phageocytosis (cell eating) and Pinocytosis (cell drinking) |
| What happens in Exocytosis? | Contents of a vesicle are pushed out through the cell membrane which is then passed to the exterior of the cell which may be a waste product or may be a substance that the cell can be used elsewhere e.g. breastmilk from breast cells |
| What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what does it do? | A network of parallel membranes within the cell that is used to transport substances within the cell to the golgi apparatus for secretion from the cell |
| What is a cell membrane and what does it do? | Made up of a bilayer of lipid molecules and proteins that acts as a separator from neighbouring cells and external environment |
| What is the cytoplasm? | A thick fluid in which the cells contents are suspended |
| What are centrioles and what do they do? | Pair of cylindrical structures located near the nucleus that are involved in the reproduction of the cell |
| What is a endoplasmic reticulum and what does it do? | Pair of parallel membranes that provide a surface on which chemical reactions can occur |
| What are ribosomes and what do they do? | Ribsomes are small and spherical and transports RNA. Amino acids are joined together at the ribosomes to make proteins |
| What are lysosomes and what do they do? | Small spheres that contain enzymes able to break down proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and some carbohydrates |
| What is a nucleus and what does it do? | Contains genetic material (DNA) |
| What is a mitochondria and what does it do? | Releases energy for the cell through the process of respiration |
| What is a golgi apparatus and what does it do? | Flattened membranous bags stacked on top of each other that modifies proteins and packages them in vesicles for secretion from the cell |
| How much percent of heat is released in the complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water? | 60% |
| How is ATP formed? | When an inorganic phosphate group is joined to a molecule of ADP |
| How are phosphates in ATP joined? | By high energy chemical bonds |
| What happens when the last weakly bonded phosphate molecule of ATP breaks? | Releases energy |
| What does the complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water require? | Oxygen |
| What happens in aerobic respiration? | The pyruvic acid produced from glycolysis is completely broken down to Carbon Dioxide and water |
| Where does aerobic respiration occur? | Mitochondria |
| What is the first phase in the breakdown of glucose called? | Glycolysis |
| How many steps does it take to break down a glucose molecule, and what does it break down to? | It takes 10 steps to produce two molecules of pyruvic acid |
| Is oxygen required for the first phase of glycolysis? | No |
| If no oxygen is available, pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis is the converted to what? | Lactic acid |
| What is the production of lactic acid from glucose called? | Anaerobic respiration |
| Where does anaerobic respiration occur? | Cytoplasm |
| Name 7 processes where chemical energy in ATP is used for | -Building complex molecules -Cell division and growth -Movement of cell organelles -Movement of whole cell -Maintaining cell organisation -Active transport -Transport of nerve impluses |
| How much percent of chemical reactions involved in cellular processes is released in respiration? | 40% |
| Does building up small molecules to large molecules require energy? | Yes |
| Does breaking down large molecules to small molecules require energy? | No, it releases it |
| Define a nutrient | A substance in our food that is used for growth, repair or maintaining the body |
| Name the 6 groups of nutrients | Water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals and vitamins |
| Define catabolism | Large molecules being broken down to smaller molecules |
| Define anabolism | Smaller molecules being built up into larger molecules |
| Define enzymes | Proteins that allow chemical reactions to take place at a normal body temperature that requires energy |
| Define the active site of an enzyme | The part of the enzyme molecule that combines with the substrate |
| Define the enzyme-substrate complex | When the enzyme and substrate are combined |
| Name 4 factors affecting enzymes | -Concentration of enzymes (increase in concentration means an increase in speed of chemical reaction) -Temperature (rate of chemical reactions increase as temperature increases) -pH level -The presence of certain ions or molecules (co-factors that change the shape of the active site) |
| What is the main function of the circulatory system? | Responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrients to the cells and removing carbon dioxide and wastes |
| Name 4 functions of blood | -transports nutrients, oxygen and carbon dioxide -regulation of body's fluid contents -regulation of body temperature -protection of body by fighting bacteria and foreign bodies (white blood cells) and through blood clotting (platelets) prevents excessive blood loss |
| Where do arteries carry blood? | Away from heart |
| Where do veins carry blood? | To the heart |
| What prevents backflow in veins? | Valves |
| How many layers thick are capillaries made from? | Single layer for easier diffusion |
| What is the septum in the heart? | The wall that separates the two sides |
| Define stroke volume | The amount of blood the heart pumps with each beat |
| Define cardiac output | The amount of blood the heart is able to circulate in one minute |
| The blood arriving at the capillaries of the alveoli has a high concentration of what? | Carbon dioxide |
| Where does air flow from the outside of your body? | Nasal cavity, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and then the alveoli |
| What is the exchange surface for gases? | Alveoli |
| Why are the lungs well suited to their gas exchange? (3) | 1) Alveoli gives lungs a huge surface area (bigger surface to diffuse quicker) 2) Each alveolus is well supplied with capillaries 3) Membrane that forms the wall of alveolus is very thin (easier diffusion) |
| Define and describe inspiration | Taking air into the lungs Pressure in the lungs is lower than the atmospheric pressure, causing air to rush in which lowers the diaphragm to make more lung volume until the pressure outside becomes equal |
| Define and describe expiration | Breathing out Diaphragm relaxes, rib cage moves downwards and in and the air pressure in the lungs is now greater than the pressure outside causing air to rush out |
| The blood in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli is brought to the lungs using what vessels? | Pulmonary arteries |
| Do pulmonary arteries carry oxygenated or de oxygenated blood? | Deoxygenated |
| How does oxygen get from the alveolus into the Red Blood Cell? | Oxygen that is dissolved in moisture diffuses through the membrane of the alveolus, through capillary walls, into the blood and then attaches to Haemoglobin to make Oxyhaemoglobin |
| Define diastole | The phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood |
| Define atrial systole | The atria contract and force blood into the ventricles so they are filled under pressure |
| Define ventricular systole | The ventricles contract and force blood past the valves and into the arteries under pressure |
| Define pulmonary circulation | Right side of the hear receives de oxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava and pumps it into the lungs via the pulmonary arteries |
| Define systemic circulation | Left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins and pumps it out through the aorta to the body |
| List the four components of blood and their percentages | Plasma = 55% Red Blood Cells = 45% Platelets = 4% White blood cells = 1% |
| How many litres of blood in a male and female body? | Male = 5-6L Female = 4-5L |
| What percentage of oxygen is carried in solution in the blood plasma? | 3% |
| What percentage of oxygen is carried in combination with haemoglobin? | 97% |
| What is the name of the combination of Haemoglobin and oxygen? | Oxyhaemoglobin |
| Do RBC's contain a nucleus? | No as it makes more room for haemoglobin molecules |
| What is the shape of a red blood cell? | Bi-concave disc that increases surface area for oxygen |
| What percentage of carbon dioxide is dissolved in the plasma? | 7-8% |
| What percentage of carbon dioxide combines with the globin part of the haemoglobin molecule? | 22% |
| What percentage of carbon dioxide is carried in the plasma as bicarbonate ions? | 70% |
| Give 5 examples of inorganic nutrients | Glucose, vitamins, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol |
| Give 2 examples of metabolic wastes | Urea and uric acid |
| Define hypertension | A type of high blood pressure which causes the heart to pump harder |
| Give 3 causes of hypertension | Poor diet, overweight and having a high salt intake |
| Give 5 ways to treat hypertension | Change in diet, reduce salt intake, regulate exercise, regular relaxation and don't smoke |
| Define ateriosclerosis | Degeneration of walls of arteries (hardening) which causes a narrowing of the diameter of artery walls |
| Define atherosclerosis | The development of any roughness or obstruction of the artery wall that can be caused by fatty substances (plaques) |
| What are coronary arteries? | Arteries that supply blood to the heart |
| What is coronary disease? | Atherosclerosis of coronary arteies |
| What is angina? | A pain or sensation of heaviness in the chest |
| Describe a heart attack | Occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart is stopped completely which can sometimes occur to due a plaque build up in the coronary arteries which blocks blood flow |
| Define a stroke | The sudden death of brain cells in a particular part of the brain due to insufficient blood flow |
| Define peripheral vascular disease and 3 effects | Cardiovascular disease affecting veins and arteries in limbs which includes arteriosclerosis in limb arteries, inflammation of a vein and varicose (enlarged) veins |
| Name 11 factors influencing cardiovascular disease | 1) age 2) diet 3) gender 4) high blood cholesterol level 5) high blood pressure 6) overweight 7) smoking 8) excessive alcohol consumption 9) physical inactivity 10) heredity 11) use of performance enhancing drugs |
| Name 7 ways to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases | 1) Dont smoke 2) Adopt a healthy diet 3) Exercise regularly 4) Manage weight 5) Have regular blood pressure checks 6) Consume alcohol in moderation 7) Dont use performance enhancing drugs |
| Define the alimentary canal | Continuous tube that runs from the mouth to the anus |
| Name 6 things that body cells need to function properly | water, minerals, vitamins, simple sugars, amino acids and fatty acids |
| Carbohydrates, proteins and fats must be broken down into what before they can be absorbed into cells | Smaller units |
| Name 6 activities of the digestive system | 1) Ingenstion of food and water 2) Mechanical digestion of food 3) Chemical digestion of food 4) Movement of food along the alimentary canal 5) Absorption of digested foods and water into the blood and lymph 6) Elimination of material that is not absorbed |
| Name the mechanical and chemical digestion of the mouth | Mechanical : breaks food into smaller particles by chewing Chemical : Saliva, which contains salivary amylase, beings starch digestion |
| Name the function of the oesophagus | Carries food from the mouth to the stomach |
| Name the mechanical and chemical digestion of the stomach | Mechanical: waves of contraction churn food Chemical : gastric juice, which contains pepsin, breaks down proteins to polypeptids |
| Name the other function of the stomach | Stores large quantities of food as it is eaten |
| Name the mechanical and chemical digestion of the small intestine | Mechanical: Muscular contractions churn food, bile salts, emulsify lipids Chemical: Pancreatic juice contains : pancreatic amylase breaks starch into disaccharides Pancreatic protease breaks proteins and polypeptides into peptides Pancreatic lipase breaks lipids into fatty acids and glycerol Nuclease, digests DNA and RNA Intestinal juice contains: Amylase to break down disaccharides to simple sugars Protease to break down peptides to amino acids Lipase to break down lipids to fatty acids and glycerol |
| Name the function of the large intestine | Absorbs water and vitamins and stores faeces |
| Define peristalsis | Wave of constriction in the mouth |
| What is mucosa specialised for? | Secretion of gastric juices |
| How long is the small intestine? | 6m |
| What is the first part of the intestine called? | Duodenum |
| How many layers thick are villi? | One |
| How long is the large intestine? | 1.5m |
| Does the large intestine contain villi and digestive juices? | No |
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