Russia and its Rulers (Agriculture and Industry)

Question	Answer
What were the two key issues in the development of the economy in both Tsarist and Soviet Russia?	1. Periodic increases in the pace of industrialisation 2. Periodic attempts to promote efficiency in agriculture
What did Alexander II establish in 1860 and why?	Ministry of Finance Pursued this policy, largely as a reaction to the threat of economic collapse
What were the results of the Emancipation Act(1861)?	1. Productivity declined 2.Complexity of redemption payments and land tenure
How much had the railway network increased by 1881?	2,000% and the number of factory workers by 150%
What was Alexander IIIs opinion towards agriculture?	1. He was less concerned with agriculture 2. His instinct was to leave things as they were in the rural areas and focus on law and order 3. He placed a stronger priority than Alexander II on industry
What was Sergei Witte's(1892-1903) priorities?	1. Investment from abroad and state subsidies to heavy industry 2. Source of loans was Germany until 1890, thereafter France
What was the result of agricultural neglect throughout the period	Poor harvest and severe famine 1991
What were the priorities during Nicholas IIs reign?	1.Priority was given to heavy industry 2.By 1900 Russia had achieved an annual growth rate of about 10 per cent and the Trans-Siberian railway was nearing completion
What were the results of the Russo-Japanese war?	1. Military defeat 1905 2. Treaty of Portsmouth 3. Autocracy, came the closest it had ever been to overthrow during the revolution of 1905
Stolypin 1906 - 1911 What did he do to increase agricultural production	1. Consolidation of land holdings 2. More intensive farming measures 3. Aimed to develop a wealthy layer of peasants (kulaks) 4. BY 1913- greatly increased production and exports
What were the consequences of WWI and the Civil War?	1. Extensive destruction of industrial infrastructure, disruption of communications and neglect of the land.
Civil War - what was the economic damage?	1. Civilian deaths between 1918 and 1922 totalled over 8 million. 2.Starvation 3. Agriculture set back several decades and the industrial developments under Witte were dislocated
Lenin	1. Marxist-Leninist ideology stressed industrialisation 2. Policy of War Communist (1918-21) 3. Requisition of agricultural produce - FAILURE 4. Retreat into the NEP - restored a partial market economy
Stalinist era (1929-53)	1. Command economy 2. Five - year plans 3. Throughout the period grain harvest never reached levels of 1913 4. Livestock decrease- cattle- 70 million in 1928 to 34 million in 1932
Were the Five-Year plans between 1928 and 1941 successful?	1. Equipped the Soviets with the industrial infrastructure to overwhelm Nazi Germany 2.Fourth and Fifth Five-Year Plans(1946-55) provided the emergence of the Soviet Union as a superpower
Command Economy	1. Large emphasis on heavy industry 2. Thus starving consumer industries - the economy was permanently distorted by the absence of a broadly based consumer sector
Krushchev	1. Agricultural productivity remained low 2. Virgin Land schemes proved a disaster 3.Berzhnev failed in his attempts to raise productivity
Sergei Witte's 'Great Spurt' Finance Minister 1892	1. After centuries of stagnation, Russia's economic infrastructure expanded rapidly 2. Largest sustained growth since Peter the Great
Witte Statistics	1. Achieved industrial growth rate averaging nearly 10 per cent per annum by 1900 2. Coal output increasing from 3.2 million tonnes in 1895 to 35 million tonnes in 1914 3. 350 per cent growth in the rail network
Industrialisation in Soviet Russia (Lenin)	1. Taking forward Witte's achievements in the 1890s 2. Lenin focused on the electrification of industry
Stalin	1. Five year plans - industrialisation was achieved rapidly 2.
First Five Year Plan (1928-32)	1. Raised steel production from 3 to 6 million tonnes 2. Coal from 35 to 64 million 3. Oil from 12 - 21 million
The Second Five Year Plan (1933-7)	1. 18 million tonnes for steel 2. 128 million for coal 3. 26 million for oil
How did military infrastructure expand under Stalin?	1. 1933 - defence comprised 4 per cent of the industrial budget 2. By 1937 it had risen to 17 percent 3. 1940 - 33 per cent
Military expansion under Stalin Statistics	1. 1933 defence compromised 4 per cent of the industrial budget 2. By 1937 it has risen to 17 per cent and by 1940 to 33 per cent

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Russia and its Rulers (Agriculture and Industry)

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