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Flashcards by connie.coombs, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by connie.coombs
almost 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Filter Model AO1 | Kerckhoff and Davies: 'Field of availables' --> 'Field of desirables' Filter 1) Social/Demographic Filter 2) Similarity of attitudes and values Filter 3) Complimentary of emotional needs |
| Filter Model AO2 - Support | Kerckhoff and Davies: longitudinal study, student couples, < or > 18 months, found attitude sim. was more important up to 18 months, after that was meeting of psych. needs Sprecher: couples matched in physical attractiveness, social background and interests stayed together longer Gruber-Baldini, Schaie and Wilis: couples became more similar in attitudes as time went on |
| Filter Model AO2 - Issues | Fails to capture dynamic, fluid nature of relationships IDA: Ethnocentric - culture bias |
| RNST AO1 | Byrne and Clore: Based on principles of conditioning - operant (enter into relationships because we directly associate person with reinforcing stimuli) and classical (good party + person = good feelings) |
| RNST AO2 - Support | Griffit and Guay: p's evaluated on creative task, asked to rate how much they liked the experimenter - those who were rated nicely said they liked the person more, shows reinforcement is necessary Aron et al.: psych support - those who were high on self-report q of romance also showed strong activity in certain parts of brain - romantic love associated with raised dopamine Aron et al.: brain reward system evolved to speed up mating process |
| RNST AO2 - Issues | Hays: gain satisfaction from giving as well as receiving IDA: Lott: culturally biased - collectivist cultures more focused on needs of others, not needs of individual Most studies are lab studies - lacks mundane realism |
| Similarity AO1 | Byrne, Clore and Smeaton: People more attracted to those they're similar to; emphasises importance of similarity in LTR |
| Similarity AO2 - Support | Condon and Crano: by ruling out dissimilar people we lessen the chance of being rejected; sharing traits with them also validates them as potential partners |
| Similarity AO2 - Issues | Rosenbaum: dissimilarity might be more important - dissimilarity-repulsion hypothesis supported in many other cultures Yoshida: similarity focuses on too narrow a range of factors - reductionist |
| Social Exchange Theory AO1 | Thibault and Kelley: 'economic' theory - all relationships are series of exchanges where individuals minimise costs and maximise rewards: rewards-costs=outcome (profit or loss) CL developed to let us determine whether potential relationship = good, and CLA developed to let us know if alternatives = good |
| Social Exchange Theory AO2 - Support | Rusbalt and Martz: can explain why people stay in abusive relationships Gottman and Levenson: successful marriages have more pos. interactions than neg. Simpson et al.: those in relationships rated others as less attractive - supports CL |
| Social Exchange Theory AO2 - Issues | Simpson et al.: fails to quantify disparity in CL before it becomes unsatisfactory Duck and Sants: focuses too much on individual's perspective, ignores social aspects IDA: Moghaddam: cultural bias - very individualist, so ethnocentric |
| Equity Theory AO1 | Waglster et al.: suggests dissatisfaction = unequitable relationship, satisfaction = equitable Equity judged by perceived ratio of inputs to outputs |
| Equity Theory AO2 - Support | DeMaris: most important factor in marital disruption is woman's sense of being underbenefitted Clark and Mills: important in 'exchange' relationships, e.g. business partners |
| Equity Theory AO2 - Issues | Clark and Mills: not so important in 'communal' relationships, e.g. lovers or friends Ragsdale and Brandau-Brown: not a key determiner in success of relationships Steil and Weltman: gender differences - men and women judge equity differently |
| Sexual Selection AO1 | Darwin: intra- and intersexual selection Buss: men more likely to engage in ST sex as spreads their genes Buss and Schmitt: men lower standards in STS and show decrease in attraction after sex Buss: women more particular about LTM, as they're stuck with baby - man needs to provide protection and care, show promise as good partner, and will land minimal costs |
| Sexual Selection AO2 - Support | Buss: 10,000 p's in 37 cultures, found certain universal features Penton-Voak et al.: female mate choice varies across menstrual cycle Prevents 'stupid' mating |
| Sexual Selection AO2 - Issues | MPs waste of time and energy and can impede attempts at mating Kenrick et al.: teenage boys prefer older women Greiling and Buss: men couldn't engage in all this STS without willing females - gender bias |
| Parental Investment AO1 | Maternal investment: female investment > male investment due to internal fertilisation; human babies born helpless so mother has to help; costs of maternal investment make random mating costly for women Paternal investment: males invest less; must protect themselves from cuckoldry; sexual jealousy evolved as response to this |
| Parental Investment AO2 - Support | Baker and Beltis: around 14% of the population was the product of an affair - marry someone with good prospects then shop around for good genes Buss et al.: male US students more worried about sexual infidelity, women more concerned about emotional infidelity Daly and Wilson: cuckoldry can be good - financial gain etc. |
| Parental Investment AO2 - Issues | Harris: men tended to show gr8r physiological arousal to any sexual imagery, not just those that involve infidelity Dunbar: males do invest, as successful childrearing pays off as it leads to decrease in infant mortality (Reid) Anderson: men don't discriminate between own children and stepchildren Rowe: theory of paternal investment is reductionist - lots of other social and personal factors that account for behaviour |
| Reasons for Breakdown AO1 | Duck: three main reasons for breakdown 1) Lack of skills (e.g. poor social skills) 2) Lack of stimulation (e.g boredom) 3) Maintenance difficulties (distance often quoted as important factor in breakdown) |
| Reasons for Breakdown AO2 - Support | IDA: importance of social skills led to CCET programme, leads to sig. higher marital happiness Boekhout et al.: another key reason is infidelity, but this can be directly due to any of the three reasons |
| Reasons for Breakdown AO2 - Issues | Rohfling: maintenance difficulties not so bad - 70% of students have experienced LDR and 90% have experienced LDF Holt and Stone: so long as people meet up frequently there's no decrease in satisfaction Brehm and Kassin: gender differences - women more likely to stress unhappiness, men more upset by 'sexual withholding' |
| Model of Breakdown AO1 | Rollie and Duck: 5 processes involved Intrapsychic --> Dyadic --> Social --> Grave-dressing --> Resurrection |
| Model of Breakdown AO2 - Support | Tashiro and Frazier: support for existence of all stages when looking at real-life couples and breakdowns Stresses importance of communication and poss. of repair, if help is offered during stages |
| Model of Breakdown AO2 - Issues | IDA: Ethical issues - breakdown research sensitive area with potentially vulnerable participants |
| Parent-Child Relationships AO1 | Shaver et al.: adult relationships (and esp. attitudes towards love) based on 3 behavioural systems gained in infancy: attachment, caregiving and sexuality systems Based on Bowlby's internal working model Springer et al.: abuse/neglect can lead to development of attachment disorders Van der Kolk and Fisler: those who suffered childhood abuse had trouble forming healthy attachments, formed disorganised attachments instead |
| Parent-Child Relationships AO2 - Support | Fraley: meta-analysis showed link between attachment type and later relationships Simpson et al.: ongoing longitudinal study - emotional styles in adulthood can be traced back to childhood Berenson and Anderson: support that abused children have difficulty forming adult relationships - distance themselves from anyone who reminds them of their abuser |
| Parent-Child Relationships AO2 - Issues | IDA: Simpson et al.: despite findings, doesn't indicate individual's path unalterably determines future - determinist |
| Interaction with Peers AO1 | Qualter and Munn: children also learn from experiences shared with other children, develop sense of own value Adolescent relationships allow separation from parents and development of sexual/emotional intimacy Nangle et al.: children's friendships are training ground for adult relationships Madsen: moderate- or low-freq. dating predicted higher quality relationships |
| Interaction with Peers AO2 - Support | Richard and Schneider: girls have more intimate friendships - gender diffs attributed to sort of play children engage in Suomi and Harlow: support from studies of NHA - importance of interactions with peers for later development; privation = later extreme social inadequacies |
| Interaction with Peers AO2 - Issues | Erwin: gender diffs. overemphasised, should focus on gender sims. instead Negative effects: early dating linked to deviance and lack of achievement, so shouldn't be encouraged |
| Culture AO1 | Voluntary vs. Non-Voluntary Relationships Western culture - more geographical/social mobility, so remarkably easy to be in voluntary relationships; Western cultures emphasise individual freedom, moreso than NWC Seepersad et al.: members of WC more likely to experience loneliness in absence of rom. rel. |
| Culture AO2 - Support | Low divorce rates for non-Western, non-voluntary marriages emphasises importance of culture Jankowiak and Fischer: love is evolutionary adaption, supported by finding that most cultures have evidence of rom. love |
| Culture AO2 - Issues | Myers et al.: no difference in marital satisfaction between voluntary (UK) and non-voluntary (India) marriages IDA: Cultural bias reinforced by Western media - US romcoms represent culturally biased view of rom. relationships and portrays it as the norm (Johnson and Holmes) |
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