AA3 de ingles

AA3 de ingles

1. Present Perfect

   • The Perfect Present is a tense that expresses actions influenced by the present, that is, these actions are still happening or have been completed recently.
     • Present Perfect can be used to indicate actions that started in the past and last until the gift.
       • In the Portuguese language, there is no tense equivalent to Present Perfect.
         • Examples: She has never been to the States. I have always wanted to study German. He has been arriving early lately.
           • Present Perfect Simple is formed by the auxiliary verb to have (have / has) conjugated in Simple Present + the Past Participle of the main verb.
             • The past participle inflections of regular verbs is equal to the Simple Past inflections of verbs regular. Therefore, past participles of regular verbs end in –d, –ed or –ied.
               • To construct affirmative sentences in Present Perfect, the following structure is used: Subject + verb auxiliary to have in Simple Present + main verb in Past Participle + complement
                 • Example: My parents have visited Portugal three times.
                   • Negative phrases in the Present Perfect Simple include “not” after the auxiliary verb and follow the following structure: Subject + auxiliary verb to have in Simple Present + not + main verb in Past participle + complement
                     • Example; My parents have not visited Portugal three times.
                       • To ask questions in the Present Perfect Simple, it is necessary to invert the order of the auxiliary verb in phrase, that is, it is positioned before the subject. follows the following structure: Auxiliary verb to have in Simple Present + subject + main verb in Past Participle + complement
                         • Example: Have my parents visited Portugal three times?
                           • In Present Perfect Tense there are two verb modes for the present: Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect Continuous.
                             • Present Perfect Simple is used to indicate actions influenced by the present and that have been recently completed or are still ongoing.
                               • This tense is formed by the auxiliary verb to have (have / has) conjugated in Simple Present + the Past Participle of the main verb.
                                 • Example: I have read this book for two hours.
                                   • Present Perfect Continuous is used for continuous actions that started in the past and continue on gift.
                                     • It is formed by the verb to have (have / has) conjugated in Simple Present + the verb to be conjugated in Present Perfect + the gerund (-ing) of the main verb.
                                       • Example: I have been reading this book for two hours.

2. simple past

   • It is equivalent to the simple past in the Portuguese language.
     • Simple Past is used to indicate past actions already completed, that is, to talk about facts that have already been completed. happened; that started and ended in the past.
       • Example: We did not go to school yesterday, They visited their uncle last month, I called you three days ago.
         • The basic formation of Simple Past is done with the use of the auxiliary did in the negative and interrogative, and with the addition of –ed, –ied or –d to the end of the main verb in the infinitive, without the to, in the affirmative form.
           • To use regular verbs in affirmative sentences in Simple Past, just change the ending of the verb according to the following rules:
             • 1. To regular verbs ending in –e, only –d is added at the end of the verb: to love - loved, to arrive - arrived
               • 2. For regular verbs ending in consonant + vowel + consonant, the last consonant and –ed: stop - stopped, control - controlled is added
                 • 3. To verbs ending in –y preceded by a consonant, remove the y and add the –ied: to study - studied, to cry - cried
                   • 4. To verbs ending in –y preceded by a vowel, only –ed: enjoy - enjoyed, stay - stayed
                     • Affirmative form Subject + verb + complement
                       • Example: She liked the English teacher.
                         • Negative Form For the construction of negative phrases in Simple Past, the verb did is used as auxiliary verb. The main verb is not conjugated in the past, since the auxiliary already indicates the verbal tense.
                           • Subject + did + not + main verb + complement
                             • Example: She did not like the English teacher.
                               • Interrogative Form In the same way as in the negative form, did is the auxiliary verb used for interrogative phrases in Simple Past. Did + subject + main verb + complement
                                 • Example: Did she like the English teacher?
                                   • Simple Past Expresses past actions, that is, it refers to facts that started in the past and ended in the past. In this case, the actions that have already been completed. The auxiliary verb did is used only in the negative and interrogative forms of Simple Past.
                                     • Example: You ran in the marathon, you did not run in the marathon, did you run in the marathon?
                                       • Past Continuous Expresses a continuous action that has occurred in the past. Unlike Simple Past, it is formed by the auxiliary verb to be conjugated in Simple Past (was / were) + the gerund (-ing) of the main verb.
                                         • Exemplos: You were running in the marathon, You were not running in the marathon, Were you running in the marathon?

3. must

   • Must is a modal verb that in affirmative sentences can mean having to, must, need and in sentences negative conditions may indicate a ban.
     • Examples: You must eat healthy food, She must not drink coffee so many times a day.
       • As with all modal verbs, must acts as an auxiliary verb and therefore reason, accompanies and influences the meaning of a main verb.
         • This main verb must be used in the infinitive without the to. Note that in the first example, the main verb is to eat, however, it was used without to (eat).
           • When to use must? As a general rule, we can say that when must is used in affirmative sentences, indicates the idea of ​​obligation or deduction. In negative phrases, the idea indicated by must is prohibition.
             • She must stop smoking. - HAVE / OBLIGATION; He must be sleeping. - DUTY / DEDUCTION; You must not drink and drive. - DUTY / PROHIBITION.
               • How to use must? The verb must can be used in affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences.
                 • AFFIRMATIVE: I must study, You must study, We must study \ NEGATIVE: I must not / mustn’t study, He / she / it must not / mustn’t study, We must not / mustn’t study \ INTERROGATIVE: Must you study ?, Must he / she / it study ?, Must they study?
                   • In the affirmative, we use the must for all people, including he / she / it. The Simple rule Present that requires the addition of the -s for third-person push-ups is not applied here.
                     • To form sentences in the negative form, we can use must not or the contracted form mustn’t. O meaning of both forms is equal.
                       • When making sentences with must in interrogative form, just change the placement of that modal verb in the sentence: unlike what happens in the affirmative, in the interrogative the verb must must be positioned before the subject.
                         • Difference between must and have to In affirmative sentences, both the verb must and the verbal construction have to or has to, can be used in the same sense.
                           • Examples: She has to wake up early. She must wake up early. We have to call the director tomorrow. We must call the director tomorrow.
                             • Must and have to can be used to refer to the present and the future. However, for refer to the past, we can only use have to. Like most modal verbs, must does not have a form of the past.
                               • While in affirmative sentences we can use must or have to without changing the meaning, the same does not happen in negative sentences.
                                 • In negative sentences, the meaning will be different depending on the verb used.
                                   • Exemplos: Paul must not go; Paul doesn’t have to go.
                                     • the use of must not practically indicates a categorical order and the use of don’t have to or doesn’t have to indicates an optional situation..
                                       • That said, it follows that the difference between the use of must and have to is related to the phrases negative, where each verb gives a certain meaning in the sentence.
                                         • In affirmative sentences, the use of one form or another is indifferent and the meaning remains.