Basic tools of quality

Basic tools of quality

1. Ishikawa fishbone

   • also called
     • cause-and-effect diagram
   • objective
     • identify many possible causes
       • for
         • an effect
         • a problem
   • when to use
     • when a team’s thinking tends to fall into ruts
     • when identifying possible causes for a problem
   • example

2. Relation diagram

   • depicts
     • relationship among factors
       • in
         • a complex situation
   • shows
     • cause-and-effect relationships
   • main purpose
     • to help identify relationships that are not easily recognizabl
   • example

3. Pareto chart

   • it is
     • a bar graph
   • indicates
     • frequency of defects
     • cumulative impact
   • useful to
     • find the defects to prioritize
       • in order to
         • observe the greatest overall improvement
   • example

4. Scatter diagram

   • helps to
     • analyze relationship
       • between two variables
         • for
           • determining how closely are related
   • when to use
     • to identify potential root causes of problems
     • testing for autocorrelation
     • examine theories about cause-and-effect relationships
   • example

5. Control chart

   • used to
     • study how a process changes over time
   • for variable data
     • is used in pairs
   • contains
     • a central line for the average
     • an upper line for the upper control limit
     • a lower line for the lower control limit
   • example

6. Stratification

   • used to
     • sort data, objects, and people
       • into
         • separate and distinct groups
   • helps to
     • determine data's meaning
     • revealing patterns
   • example

7. Check sheet

   • aims to
     • standardize and organize the collection of data
       • through
         • tables
         • worksheets
   • the responsible person
     • goes to
       • Gemba
         • which means
           • the "real place"
             • where the whole process takes place
   • example

8. Histogram

   • shows
     • how often each different value in a set of data occurs
     • frequency distributions
   • is
     • a type of bar chart
   • used when
     • data are numerical
     • analyzing whether a process can meet the customer’s requirements
   • example

9. Tree diagram

   • is a
     • new management planning tool
   • describes
     • hierarchy of tasks and subtasks
       • needed to
         • complete
         • objective
   • helps to
     • move the thinking
       • from
         • generalities
       • to
         • specifics
   • example

10. Matrix diagram

    • used for
      • analyzing and displaying the relationship
        • between
          • data sets
    • shows
      • relationship between two, three, or four groups of information
    • example
    • also gives
      • info about the relationship

11. Affinity diagram

    • a tool that
      • gathers large amounts of language data
      • organizes them into groupings based on their natural relationships
    • often used to
      • group ideas
        • generated by
          • brainstorming
    • example

12. Arrow diagram

    • describes
      • relationship between planned activities
        • which make up
          • execution of a particular project
    • represents
      • a deliberate plan of work
        • paying attention to
          • critical operations
          • inventory time
    • example

13. Process decision program chart

    • identifies
      • what might go wrong
        • in
          • a plan under development
    • used
      • before implementing a plan
      • when the plan must be completed on schedule
    • have two main uses
      • documents steps to completing a process
      • impact analysis
    • example

14. Matrix data analysis chart

    • purpose
      • present numerical data
        • about
          • two sets of factors in a matrix form
      • analyze it to get numerical output
    • applications
      • decide the desired product characteristics of a new product
        • based on
          • the analysis of product characteristics of similar products
    • example