1243999
Description
Mind Map by danielle_bui, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by danielle_bui
over 9 years ago
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DISCUSS ISSUES SURROUNDING
THE CLASSIFICATION AND
DIAGNOSIS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
- Subjectivity and unreliability
- No test to diagnose
- Therefore use of diagnostic tools/criteria
- DSM-V
- ICD-10
- The DSM-V is the US version
and the ICD-10 is the
European version
- DSM-V
- Therefore use of diagnostic tools/criteria
- Inter-rater reliability
- Carson (1991)
- Claimed that the DCM-3 provided
a reliable system of classification
for schizophrenia
- Whaley (2001)
- However 30 years
later Whaley found
inter-rater reliability
to be as low as 0.11
- Subjective interpretation
- Subjective interpretation
- However 30 years
later Whaley found
inter-rater reliability
to be as low as 0.11
- Claimed that the DCM-3 provided
a reliable system of classification
for schizophrenia
- Carson (1991)
- Studies that support
- Klosterkotter et al (1994)
- Looked at 489 admissions
to hospital in Aachen,
found positive symptoms
more useful for diagnosis
than negative.
- Looked at 489 admissions
to hospital in Aachen,
found positive symptoms
more useful for diagnosis
than negative.
- Cooper (1972)
- 1930s 20% diagnosed, 1950s 80%
diagnosed. This shows that
diagnosis has no consistency.
- 1930s 20% diagnosed, 1950s 80%
diagnosed. This shows that
diagnosis has no consistency.
- Beck et al (1961)
- looked at inter-rater
reliability between 2
psychiatrists when
considering the cases of
154 patents. Found
reliability of 54%.
- looked at inter-rater
reliability between 2
psychiatrists when
considering the cases of
154 patents. Found
reliability of 54%.
- Klosterkotter et al (1994)
- No test to diagnose
- Validity
- Predictive validity
- Definition = if the diagnosis is correct then the treatment should work= valid
- About 20% recovering to their
previous level of functioning. About
10% achieving significant and lasting
improvement. And 30% showing
some improvement with intermittent
relapses.
- This shows that the
diagnosis of schizophrenia
has little predictive validity.
- This shows that the
diagnosis of schizophrenia
has little predictive validity.
- Definition = if the diagnosis is correct then the treatment should work= valid
- Comorbidity
- Two or more disorders appearing together.
- Schneider (1959)
- Listed symptoms that
distinguished schizophrenia
from other mental illness (called
first rank symptoms). Existence
of these first rank symptoms
would make diagnosis of
schizophrenia more reliable.
However many of these
symptoms would make
diagnosis of schizophrenia
more reliable.
- Listed symptoms that
distinguished schizophrenia
from other mental illness (called
first rank symptoms). Existence
of these first rank symptoms
would make diagnosis of
schizophrenia more reliable.
However many of these
symptoms would make
diagnosis of schizophrenia
more reliable.
- Ellason and Ross (1995)
- Pointed out patients often have more
schizophrenic symptoms than those
diagnosed with schizophrenia.
- Pointed out patients often have more
schizophrenic symptoms than those
diagnosed with schizophrenia.
- Buckley (2009)
- looked at comorbid
depressionand schizophrenia. It
occurs 50% of the time. But it
was also noted that in 47% of the
cases they had a history of life
time substance abuse - often
alcohol and drugs
- looked at comorbid
depressionand schizophrenia. It
occurs 50% of the time. But it
was also noted that in 47% of the
cases they had a history of life
time substance abuse - often
alcohol and drugs
- Two or more disorders appearing together.
- Predictive validity
- Rosenhan et al (1972)
- tested the subjectivity, reliability, and validity of diagnostic tools.
- originally hoped that the use of
diagnostic tools could provide a
standardised method of
recognising mental disorders.
- Found this to be subjective when he sent in 8
people who were sane who claimed to be
hearing voices, 7 out of the 8 were diagnosed
with schizophrenia and kept in hospital.,
- Found this to be subjective when he sent in 8
people who were sane who claimed to be
hearing voices, 7 out of the 8 were diagnosed
with schizophrenia and kept in hospital.,
- tested the subjectivity, reliability, and validity of diagnostic tools.
- Gender
- Women are diagnosed more than men
- Bennett (1995) found the socialisation of men in
industrial societies had created masculine
stereotypes that alienate men from seeking help for
psychological problems.
- Bennett (1995) found the socialisation of men in
industrial societies had created masculine
stereotypes that alienate men from seeking help for
psychological problems.
- Women are diagnosed more than men
- Culture
- Difference between western cultures and other cultures
- Copeland et al (1971)
- found cultural
difference in reliability.
Gave description of
134 US and 194 UK
psychiatrists. 69% of
US diagnosed with
schizophrenia, but only
2% of UK. Rest of UK
believed he had major
depressive episode, or
personality disorder.
- found cultural
difference in reliability.
Gave description of
134 US and 194 UK
psychiatrists. 69% of
US diagnosed with
schizophrenia, but only
2% of UK. Rest of UK
believed he had major
depressive episode, or
personality disorder.
- Davison and Neale (1994)
- explained that in Asian cultures a
person who is experiencing some
emotional turmoil is praised and
rewarded if they show no
expression of emotion. Therefore
different cultures have different
criteria for schizophrenia.
- explained that in Asian cultures a
person who is experiencing some
emotional turmoil is praised and
rewarded if they show no
expression of emotion. Therefore
different cultures have different
criteria for schizophrenia.
- Language difficulties
- Lost in translation can lead to misdiagnosis
- Lost in translation can lead to misdiagnosis
- Difference between western cultures and other cultures
- Labelling theory
- Can lead to self-fulfilling prophecy
- Can lead to self-fulfilling prophecy
- NHS
- Strain on money
- Only deal with serious cases
- Do not have enough staff
- Meehl (1977) suggests that
the NHS can only make do
with what they have at the
time.
- Strain on money
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