613675
Description
Mind Map by tamzinpenny17, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by tamzinpenny17
about 10 years ago
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Ethnic Identities
and Socialization
- The Family
- Charlotte Butler :
Study of teenagers
- She studied a group of East Midlands
teenage second and third generation
Muslim girls and looked at their attitudes
and beliefs on a range of topics and
issues. She found that families are
important in shaping the identities of young
Muslim women. While they want their
independence through education and a
career, they don't want to break family
links.
- She studied a group of East Midlands
teenage second and third generation
Muslim girls and looked at their attitudes
and beliefs on a range of topics and
issues. She found that families are
important in shaping the identities of young
Muslim women. While they want their
independence through education and a
career, they don't want to break family
links.
- Asian Families
- Anwar
- Argued that Asian families socialize
children into a pattern of obligation,
loyalty and religious commitment,
which, in most cases, they accept.
- However, he noted three issues that
were seen to be causing tension
between Pakistani parents and
children in regard to their cultural
identity: 1) Western clothes,
especially for girls. 2) Arranged
marriage. 3) The question of freedom.
- On these issues, the family can be a
site of conflict between generations,
the younger generation has socialized
with people with very different values
and attitudes.
- On these issues, the family can be a
site of conflict between generations,
the younger generation has socialized
with people with very different values
and attitudes.
- However, he noted three issues that
were seen to be causing tension
between Pakistani parents and
children in regard to their cultural
identity: 1) Western clothes,
especially for girls. 2) Arranged
marriage. 3) The question of freedom.
- Argued that Asian families socialize
children into a pattern of obligation,
loyalty and religious commitment,
which, in most cases, they accept.
- Ghuman
- Outlined some of the
socialization practices of the
first generation of Asian
parents :
- Children were brought up to be
obedient, loyal to and respectful of
their elders and the community
around them.
- Social conformity was
demanded and
individualism was not
encouraged.
- The choice of education
was left in the hands of their
parents
- The choice of marriage partner
was thought to be best left to
parents. Children were taught
the drawbacks of dating,
pre-marital sex and the
disadvantages of love
marriages.
- Religious training was
considered to be very
important because it
reinforces values. The
role of mother-tongue
was seen as crucial in
maintaining links between
generations.
- Religious training was
considered to be very
important because it
reinforces values. The
role of mother-tongue
was seen as crucial in
maintaining links between
generations.
- The choice of marriage partner
was thought to be best left to
parents. Children were taught
the drawbacks of dating,
pre-marital sex and the
disadvantages of love
marriages.
- The choice of education
was left in the hands of their
parents
- Social conformity was
demanded and
individualism was not
encouraged.
- Children were brought up to be
obedient, loyal to and respectful of
their elders and the community
around them.
- Outlined some of the
socialization practices of the
first generation of Asian
parents :
- Ballard
- Examined South Asian families in
Britain and found that many
first-generation migrants saw British
culture as attaching little value to
family honour and placing relatively
emphasis on maintaining kinship ties
- As a result many
first-generation immigrants
became very cautious and
conservative in their attitudes to
family life. They wanted to
ensure that standards of
behaviour in the family did not
slip and that children were kept
under close scrutiny
- He found that young
second-generation Asians had
the experience of two cultures
- they behaved in ways that
fitted into the culture of the
wider society for part of the
time, but at home conformed
to their ethnic subculture.
- He found that young
second-generation Asians had
the experience of two cultures
- they behaved in ways that
fitted into the culture of the
wider society for part of the
time, but at home conformed
to their ethnic subculture.
- As a result many
first-generation immigrants
became very cautious and
conservative in their attitudes to
family life. They wanted to
ensure that standards of
behaviour in the family did not
slip and that children were kept
under close scrutiny
- Examined South Asian families in
Britain and found that many
first-generation migrants saw British
culture as attaching little value to
family honour and placing relatively
emphasis on maintaining kinship ties
- Anwar
- Bhatti
- She carried out research into 50
British Asian families in the South of
England. The research was largely
based upon in-depth interviews, most
of which were with Muslims of
Pakistani or Bangladeshi origin,
- She found that there was a continuing
emphasis on loyalty to the family and on
trying to maintain traditional practices
related to marriage. For example, most
families were keen to maintain links with
relatives in Bangladesh or Pakistan
- Bhatti found that izzat, or family honour, was
taken very seriously, with particular emphasis
being places on the behaviour of daughters,
/she found mothers saw their roles as being of
paramount importance
- Bhatti found that izzat, or family honour, was
taken very seriously, with particular emphasis
being places on the behaviour of daughters,
/she found mothers saw their roles as being of
paramount importance
- She found that there was a continuing
emphasis on loyalty to the family and on
trying to maintain traditional practices
related to marriage. For example, most
families were keen to maintain links with
relatives in Bangladesh or Pakistan
- She carried out research into 50
British Asian families in the South of
England. The research was largely
based upon in-depth interviews, most
of which were with Muslims of
Pakistani or Bangladeshi origin,
- Charlotte Butler :
Study of teenagers
- Religion
- Jacobson
- Studied young Pakistanis and found
that they see Islam as crucial in
creating their identity. It has a strong
impact on their identity in terms of
diet, worship, dress, behaviour and
their everyday routines and practices
- For many it is a defensive
identity, created as a response
to being excluded from white
British society
- For many it is a defensive
identity, created as a response
to being excluded from white
British society
- Studied young Pakistanis and found
that they see Islam as crucial in
creating their identity. It has a strong
impact on their identity in terms of
diet, worship, dress, behaviour and
their everyday routines and practices
- Gardner and Shakur
- Found that among young
Bengalis, allegiance to
Islam was becoming more
common
- They argue that this is because it
provides young Bengalis with a
sense of support and gives them a
postive identity denied by white
culture
- They argue that this is because it
provides young Bengalis with a
sense of support and gives them a
postive identity denied by white
culture
- Found that among young
Bengalis, allegiance to
Islam was becoming more
common
- Jacobson
- Mass Media
- Gillespie
- Notes that one way in which the
media helps to shape ethnic
identities is through allowing
geographically dispersed
communities to keep in touch with
cultures that exist in their perceived
countries of origin.
- For example, she shows how
television and videos are used to
recreate the culture of South
Asians in Britain.
- For example, she shows how
television and videos are used to
recreate the culture of South
Asians in Britain.
- The media also helps create new ethnic
identities to emerge. She found that
young British Punjabis use television and
videos to redefine their ethnic identities.
- They actively experience
different cultures and mix them
into new identities. This might
include aspects of the American
Dream ideology alongside
identification with other Muslims.
These can be called Hybrid
identities.
- They actively experience
different cultures and mix them
into new identities. This might
include aspects of the American
Dream ideology alongside
identification with other Muslims.
These can be called Hybrid
identities.
- Notes that one way in which the
media helps to shape ethnic
identities is through allowing
geographically dispersed
communities to keep in touch with
cultures that exist in their perceived
countries of origin.
- Gilroy
- Argues that young
African-Caribbeans often adopt
identities based around influential
media role models such as 50 cent.
- Gangsta rap and hip-hop in
particular, accessed through MTV
and other tv channels, have been
powerful influences.
- The adoption of aspects
of the gangsta rap
lifestyle often symbolizes
opposition to white
society.
- The adoption of aspects
of the gangsta rap
lifestyle often symbolizes
opposition to white
society.
- Gangsta rap and hip-hop in
particular, accessed through MTV
and other tv channels, have been
powerful influences.
- Argues that young
African-Caribbeans often adopt
identities based around influential
media role models such as 50 cent.
- Gillespie
- Education
- Mac an Ghaill
- Carried out an ethnographic study of
25 African-Caribbean and Asian
students studying A levels in a
sixth-form college in the Midlands,
where he found some teachers held
racist attitudes.
- Later he found that in response to such
racism students develop survival strategies in
order to resist negative labelling. This
includes ethnic minority groups forming
close relationships and subcultures.
- Later he found that in response to such
racism students develop survival strategies in
order to resist negative labelling. This
includes ethnic minority groups forming
close relationships and subcultures.
- Carried out an ethnographic study of
25 African-Caribbean and Asian
students studying A levels in a
sixth-form college in the Midlands,
where he found some teachers held
racist attitudes.
- Fuller
- Has also documented how ethnic identity
may be used to resist racial stereotyping in
school. She outlined how young black
females resisted discrimination, forming a
close group and resisting negative
non-academic labels.
- Has also documented how ethnic identity
may be used to resist racial stereotyping in
school. She outlined how young black
females resisted discrimination, forming a
close group and resisting negative
non-academic labels.
- Basit
- Conducted interviews with 24 Muslim girls,
their parents and 18 of their teachers. By
comparing the views of the non-Asian
teachers she interviewed with those of the girls
themselves, Basit found some common
misconceptions existed about Asian girls.
- For example, most teachers
recognized that Islam was
important to the girls. However,
many of them saw it as an
oppressive religion into which girls
were indoctrinated. The girls
themselves, on the other hand, did
not see religion as oppressive.
- Likewise, the teacher thought that family life
was oppressive for the girls and they saw
arranged marriage as being undesirable. The
girls,however, had very different perceptions.
They had little or no sense of oppression,
- Likewise, the teacher thought that family life
was oppressive for the girls and they saw
arranged marriage as being undesirable. The
girls,however, had very different perceptions.
They had little or no sense of oppression,
- For example, most teachers
recognized that Islam was
important to the girls. However,
many of them saw it as an
oppressive religion into which girls
were indoctrinated. The girls
themselves, on the other hand, did
not see religion as oppressive.
- Conducted interviews with 24 Muslim girls,
their parents and 18 of their teachers. By
comparing the views of the non-Asian
teachers she interviewed with those of the girls
themselves, Basit found some common
misconceptions existed about Asian girls.
- Mac an Ghaill
- New Ethnic identities
- Postmodernists
- Have developed the idea of 'hybridity' to refer to
the mixing of two or more cultures in a
'pick-and-mix' approach to identity construction.
- Charlotte Butler
- Studied young third-generation Muslim
women women and found that they choose
from a variety of possible identities, Some
will choose to reflect their ascribed position
through wearing of traditional dress, while
others may take a more 'negotiated'
postition
- This may mean adopting Western ideas
about education and careers while
retaining some respect for traditional
religious ideas about the role of women.
- This may mean adopting Western ideas
about education and careers while
retaining some respect for traditional
religious ideas about the role of women.
- Studied young third-generation Muslim
women women and found that they choose
from a variety of possible identities, Some
will choose to reflect their ascribed position
through wearing of traditional dress, while
others may take a more 'negotiated'
postition
- Johal
- His study of third-generation British
Asians, who he termed 'Brasians',
found that they have a dual identity
in that they inherit an Asian identity
and adopt a British one.
- This results in Asian youth
'code-switching' and adopting a
'white mask' in order to interact
with white peers at school or
college, but emphasizing their
cultural difference when they feel
it is necessary.
- This results in Asian youth
'code-switching' and adopting a
'white mask' in order to interact
with white peers at school or
college, but emphasizing their
cultural difference when they feel
it is necessary.
- His study of third-generation British
Asians, who he termed 'Brasians',
found that they have a dual identity
in that they inherit an Asian identity
and adopt a British one.
- Les Back
- Observed how new hybrid
identities have been emerging
among young people in
Britain. In his study of two
council estates in South
London, he found that British
white, black and Asian
youngsters were trying out
new cultural 'masks'.
- His research showed that
interracial friendship and
interaction was common in
and around the capital, and
that this produced
considerable 'cultural
borrowing' and
experimentation in relation to
music, dress and language.
- This meant, for example, that
white and Asian youngsters
living in these areas were
more likely to listen to rap and
reggae music than ,say, pop
and rock.
- This meant, for example, that
white and Asian youngsters
living in these areas were
more likely to listen to rap and
reggae music than ,say, pop
and rock.
- His research showed that
interracial friendship and
interaction was common in
and around the capital, and
that this produced
considerable 'cultural
borrowing' and
experimentation in relation to
music, dress and language.
- Observed how new hybrid
identities have been emerging
among young people in
Britain. In his study of two
council estates in South
London, he found that British
white, black and Asian
youngsters were trying out
new cultural 'masks'.
- Gill
- Carried out a survey among British
Asian sixth form students in the West
Midlands and found they could identify
groups of students and being 'Brasian'.
- This new ethnic identity includes a
'black' style of dress, black
linguistic forms and musical tastes,
friendship groups that included
black youths and physical
appearance that imitates black
style.
- This new ethnic identity includes a
'black' style of dress, black
linguistic forms and musical tastes,
friendship groups that included
black youths and physical
appearance that imitates black
style.
- Carried out a survey among British
Asian sixth form students in the West
Midlands and found they could identify
groups of students and being 'Brasian'.
- Charlotte Butler
- Have developed the idea of 'hybridity' to refer to
the mixing of two or more cultures in a
'pick-and-mix' approach to identity construction.
- Postmodernists
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