20th Century Crime and Punishment

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GCSE History Mind Map on 20th Century Crime and Punishment, created by lucyh.charles13 on 23/04/2014.
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Mind Map by lucyh.charles13, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by lucyh.charles13 almost 10 years ago
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Resource summary

20th Century Crime and Punishment
  1. chnages that have taken place since 1900 and may have affected attitudes to crime are;
    1. VOTING everyone over 18 can vote, suffragettes
      1. TRANSPORT speed of transport has shrunk the world and smuggling is occuring so their is security at airports
        1. WE ARE GLOBAL im/exporting with cheaper manufacturing countries, better communications and connection speeds, more allies and inter linked
          1. INDUSTRY less production jobs in UK so more unemployment and crime in recession
            1. WARS WW1-trenches WW2-more advanced, afgahnistan, iran, fought to liberate or escape government oppression, not just for power.
              1. TOLERANCE to religion, sexuality, races and ethnicities has increased, less harsh as no CP
                1. GENDER ROLES women are theoretically but not always equal to men, less stereotypically restricted and so more job opportunities, women can be raped with drugs etc
                  1. MEDIA AND TECHNOLOGY hacking, fraud etc made easier, CCTV catches criminals, subliminal messaging
                  2. Changes to what constitutes a crime
                    1. attitudes towards this change over time eg in 16th century begging was a crime and in 19th century workers organising themselves to protect wages and conditions became a crime. there has been similar changes since 1900, some permanent and some temporary
                      1. CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION = in 1916 conscription was introduced and forced men to join the army in WW1 and if they didn't they were considered criminals unless they could persuade a special tribunal to make them exempt from military service. if men refused an order they were court-martialled and could be given 2yrs in prison (TEMPORARY CHANGE)
                        1. COWARDICE IN FACE OF ENEMY = deserting post was always crime but terrible effect of WW1's modern warfare on soldiers meant many who deserted there posts suffered from shell shock. today they would be given mental health care but between 1914-1918, 306 deserts were executed (TEMPORARY CHANGE)
                          1. TRAFFIC CRIME = speeding, dangerous/drink driving and using phone are all crimes but weren't before the 20th century because there was no cars or mobiles. vhanges in technology made it necsessary to change how we control people's use of this technology to protect each other and changes in society have made drink driving and driving dangerously unacceptable-some drivers resnt speed cameras and feel there is no danger if the go over the limit (PERMANENT CHANGE)
                            1. RACE CRIME = Race Relations Act (1969) made it illegal to refuse housing, employment or public services to a person on their colour, race, ethnic or national origin and so discrimination became illegal. continued racial abuse and violence to minority groups has meant 'racially motivated crime' is explicitly punished but before the 20th century racist motivation of such crime would not be considered serious (PERMANENT CHANGE)
                              1. DOMESTIC VIOLENCE = has often been ignored unless involving murder or serious assault. it was often a hidden crime but during 20th century there has been increasing rights of womne and children and levels of violence that exist in some homes. this has led to changes in the law to punish such violence. (PERMANENT CHANGE)
                                1. changing attitudes can cause new definitions of crimes eg driving with phone since people have realised it leads to accidents
                                2. new and old aspects of crimes
                                  1. INTERNATIONAL SMUGGLING new-in 2007=08 customs seized 41,422kg of illegal drugs worth millions. a gov study in 1999 showed that since 1997 about £5billion taxes had been lost because of illegal cigarette import to UK old-organised gangs in 18th century used to smuggle goods such as wool. while most people disapprove of smuggling illegal drugs today, they may be less concerned about cigarettes and alcohol, an 18th century attitude.
                                    1. PEOPLE TRAFFICKING new-UK stats show about 4,000 women/children are trafficked into prostitution at any one time in the UK. many men, women and children are trafficked into forced labour eg domestic slavery, farmwork, building work and food processing old-'white slave trade' was term first used in 1830s and referred to female and esp child prostitution. in 1885 william stead (newspaper editor) and bramwell booth (from salvation army) joined forces to expose trade in child prostitutes
                                      1. COMPUTER CRIME new-technology of computers can be used to carry out many types of crime eg -storgae of illegal images on hard disk not print, -illegal downloads of music and other forms of piracy, -'phishing' using fake emails to direct a computer to fraudulent website to illegally transfer money, PW's or card details, -Hacking gaining unauthorised access to computer, writing a virus or deleting stored data old-most of these are old crimes using new technology eg storing illegal images, harssing someone, impersonating someone, illegally taking moeny by fraud, but some, eg hacking, are new crimes created by new technology.
                                        1. new crimes can develop due to new technology eg speeding
                                        2. changing attitudes to prisoners in the 20th century and the reforms that took place in prisons after 1922 were mainly down to Alexander Patterson. he encouraged people to reject the idea that criminals were born bad and instead thought they were ordinary people lead astray by family or friends or forced to crime because of poverty. he believed that although loss of freedom in prisons was a punishment, it wouldn't stop all criminals from re-offending and instead he wanted to reform prisoners to prevent future crime.
                                          1. reforms and alternatives to prisons in general
                                            1. 1896=broadmoor prison was established for the mentally ill 1898 aim of prisons summed up as 'humanisation of individual and training for freedom' 1922=separate system abolished 1919=prison officers called wardens. given training on how to re-educate prisoners 1933='open prisons' introduced for less dangerous prisoners and those close to release 1907=probation officers worked with prisoner to monitor and improve behavior. some prisons put people on probation instead of prison 1914=prisoners given longer to repay fines so they didn't end up in prison again 1948=Criminal Justice Act abolished hard labour and corporal punishment 1962=birching (whipping) abolished 1965=CP abolished 1967=parole introduced where prisoners could be released early for good behaviour. suspended sentences introduced=criminals avoid prison if did not reoffend 1972=community service introduced as alternative >high security prisons established for more dangerous prisoners 1990=tagging mainly for those on probation
                                            2. reform to women's prisons
                                              1. 4 units for juvenile female offenders, 7 mother and baby units where prisoners can care for children and women prisons have health services available and more access to children
                                              2. reform and alternatives for children and the prison system
                                                1. 1908=prisons called borstals set up for young criminals intended to protect them from older prisoners and stop thme being influenced by them 1933=age of criminal responsibility raised to 8 1948=Crminal Justice Act set up separate prisons for some young criminals 1963=age of criminal responsibility raised to 10 1969=age of criminal responsibility raised to 14. juvenile courts, supervisions and care orders introduced to protect and help young offenders 1983=detention center and youth custody replace borstals and prisons for those under 21
                                              3. why did the prison regime change after 1947?
                                                1. 1-crime and fear of crime reduced 2-between 1910 and 1930's prison population halved 3-80% of prisoners were short term or one time offenders 4-reforming prisoners became increasingly important 5-prison was not always seen as a deterrent.
                                                2. how did the prison service come under strain after 1947?
                                                  1. more prisoners as the prison population rose steeply from the 1940s, not only as a result of rising crime
                                                    1. average length of sentence was rising and the previously unusual ten years became common for violent offenders
                                                      1. proportion of offenders sent to prison for certain crimes rose dramatically eg proportion of drunk drivers ent to prison x3 in 1980's and proportion of thieves sent to prison rose by 1/4 between 1977 and 1984
                                                        1. numbers in prison awaiting trial increased and some were on remand awaiting trial for up to a year.
                                                          1. less reform meant overcrowding became a significant problem in the 1980's. leeds prison was designed for 624 prisoners but held 1200 in 1981. it had 16 baths, 3 showers, variable water supply and the capacity for only four baths to be used at once. in some prisons, overcrowding was combined with staff shortages and meant that criminals had to spend up to 23 hours a day in their cell and reform and education programs were cut. 40% of prisoners were serving long sentences for violent crime and overcrowded conditions caused tension and serious prison riots.
                                                            1. more prisons were introduced to respond to these problems because the 'fear of crime' in the 1980's meant sending fewer people to crime was not politically acceptable. alternatives were considered for juveniles and minor offenders but because the political mood was that prisoners should be sent to prison, the governemnnt decided to build more prisons including, for the firtst time since the early 19th century, prison ships and private prisons. private prisons were run by security companies who were paid by the government per prisoner. they mainly housed low-risk offenders and they operated under a strict set of rules unlike the 19th century.
                                                            2. developments in policing
                                                              1. weapons-police can carry truncheons, tazers, CS gas and can use guns and riot gear when necessary. this had to happen because the police were vulnerable to attack and weapons allowed the officers to protect themselves and arrest violent criminals. not all police had guns however as they wanted to be distinguished from soldiers
                                                                1. transport-can work on foot, horse, motorbike or car. from 1930s cars and motorbikes gave police a speed advantage making them more effective. in 1970s car had greater impact as police changed their methods of working by replacing bobby on the beat with rapid response teams to quickly reach crime scenes. police on foot and horses offered social reassurance and were reintroduced after foot patrol was initially taken away.
                                                                  1. crime detection-blood groups allowed blood samples to be used and DNA can also provide samples. databases can store fingerprints and CCTV and TV help to identify criminals too. discovery of blood groups in 1901 meant blood samples could be used and the creation of 1st national register of fingerprints (also 1901) meant they could be stored and help to identify suspects. DNA sampling was caused by science and TV and security video recordings were called by technological advances.
                                                                    1. training and recruitment-try to attrcat high-quality candidates. there is good pay and National Police Training College started in 1947. all officers have at least 14 weeks of training before starting work and local forces have specialists for continued police training.women officers first appointed in 1920 to deal with women and young people and have increasingly taken on roles similar to males but there are still fewer
                                                                      1. communication-new radio technology helped to catch murderer dr crippen in 1910 as he fled overseas. 1920s, morse code transmitters were installed in police cars and police telephone boxes for patrolling officers to call for help were set up. 1930s two-way ardios introduced in police cars and 999 emergency system started. noe all officers have two way radio for instant communication with station/hq
                                                                        1. organisation-total number of officers in britain increased but number of separate forces was cut from 200 to 41. all forces work in similar way and together on many aspects of law and order and crime prevention. some people want a single, national police force but has been constantly opposed with arguments from early 1800s who fear it would be too much power in the hands of the government that they would use to enforce unpopular methods
                                                                          1. powers=their basic powers have changed very little they can still QUESTIONING (ask suspect to come to station for questioning but cannot force them without arrest), ARREST (right to arrest a person if they reasonably suspect person is committing an offence), REPORTING (cannot arrest someone for minor offences eg speeding or parking offences but can impose on-the-spot fines and report the suspect who will later be called to court), SEARCH (normally need a warrant from a magistarate to search a private property and have to convince the magistrate the request is reasonable).
                                                                            1. specialisation-so varied impossible to be skilled in all kinds of work. since 1945 major crime prevention has been dealt with by national squads eg Fraud Squad (1946), Anti-Terrorist Squad (1971) and Special Patrol Group (1965;since 1987 renamed Metropolitan Patrol Group) which deals with inner city riots and threats to public order.
                                                                              1. computer records-improved local police record keeping and is also centralised National Computer Record including database of fingerprints, motor vehicle details and info about missing people which can be used by all local forces
                                                                                1. work-public still see police as thief-catchers but dealing with crime is only one part. 1993 only 18% of calls to police were crime related rest were about lost property or noisy neighbours. more likely to control crowd, diffuse argument, move drunk than catch thief.
                                                                                2. Stephen Lawrence murder
                                                                                  1. he was 18 and was killed on 22nd april 1993 whilst waiting for a bus with his friend duwayne brooks. he was stabbed twice by a gang of white youths, severing two arteries
                                                                                    1. can be seen as a racist crime as it was inflicted on black by white and witness accounts describe how they shouted 'what, what nigger' before killing him. racism was seen in the investigation too and is thought to be the cause of some police failings.
                                                                                      1. case was investigated by police using public tip-offs to identify suspects (niel acourt, dave norris, jamie acourt and gary dobson and then to luke knight) and then using background knowledge such as gangs links and racist veiws to cement their suspicions and validity. public enquiry was held, and after lawrence family attacked police in a press conference for not acting, clothing was seized and arrests were made. Niel Acourt and Luke Knight were charged but later released due to 'insufficient evidence' and duwayne brooks evidence was proved unreliable despite private prosecution. a full inquest was held 4 years later and concluded stephen was unlawfully killed by 5 white youths after the 5 friends refused to answer questions.
                                                                                        1. after the police investigation, the lawrence family launched a private prosecution which failed in 1996 after eyewitness info was proved unreliable which acquitted 3 suspects. a full inquest proved the unlawful killing of stephen by 3 white youths, and during the investigtion, the police were attached by the lawrence family in a press conference.
                                                                                          1. in february 1997 the case was brought back to public attention by the daily mail when it printed murder accusaions against the 5 suspects and told them to sue if they were innocent,. they all denied involvement on tv but did not sue
                                                                                            1. 2 laws were introduced after Sir William Macpherson concluded that police had failed basic duties in the case were 1-Race Relations Amendment Act-meant that public bodies had to show equality in their treatment of people (2000) and 2- Criminal Justice Act which abolished double jeopardy and allowed someone to be tried twice for the same crime even if they were cleared at the first hearing (2003)
                                                                                              1. new techniques were used by the police to catch the criminals by re-examining clothing from the scene and testing blood reminants in the storage bag and the jacket for DNA which allowed two suspects to be linked to the scene and Lawrence. microsopes allowde specimens to be indentified accurately and tested thouroighly.
                                                                                                1. the final investigation convicted dobson and norris of murder 10 years after the crime and provided some closure for the family, but 3 other suspects believed to be involved have not been punished or brought to justice.
                                                                                                  1. from the case, we can leqrn that modern policing was flawed which can be seen due to the fact the case was shambolic, long-winded, unprofessional, brief, racist and poorly conducted. the racist attitudes and failure to fulfill duties show that the police force lacked structure and moral values in the past and that it was socially influenced and therefore unable to deliver justice. however, we can also see that policing has moved on significantly since these errors and that new laws have been introduced to combat these issues and technology has made it easier and better equipped to solve crime eg DNA techniques.
                                                                                                2. TERRORISM
                                                                                                  1. how do they attack? in the 20th century, moet terrorist attacks involve bombings eg IRA bombs left in public places and intended to exploded and hurt people. the IRA would generally leave the bomb in a place and then ring the police to tell them what they had done as they wanted the public to be afraid but not always hurt. (the warrington bombings were an example of when they did want people to be hurt). changes in technology and changes in the attitudes of terrorists (prepared to be suicide bombers) has changed these techniques.
                                                                                                    1. recently used weapons include; ANTHRAX (natural disease that will kill. anthrax bacteria in form of white powder used to spread the disease-sometimes posted), BOMB (often used because scare lots of people, easily hidden, bomber can leave and timer causes explosion), CAR BOMB (explosives put in car pr vehicle and set off remotely eg timer/control/mobile), CYBER TERRORISTS (attack internet & computer networks using hacking, viruses. sometimes work together to overload servers that store webpages), GAS ATTACK (poison gas in public), HIJACKING (use force to take control of vehicles-passengers as hostages/vehicle as weapon), LETTER BOMB (explosives that blow up when opened-used un UK by IRA and extreme animals rights groups), MORTAR BOMB (bomb fired from metal tube or pipe, flies short distance and then detonated by timer. popular because cheaply made. used by IRA to attack 10 DS), SUICIDE BOMB (explosives attached to bombers body and hidden under clothes. approach target and detonate)
                                                                                                      1. some ways that have been tried to stop terrorism are; 1=hunt down terrorists or monitor those we think may be terrorists (hard to catch them as can go into hiding, new volunteers take place of captured or killed, difficult to identify bomber/prospective bombers eg four suicide bombers in london in 2005 were quiet with no criminal record, secret training camps abroad, items used are everyday eg phones and fertiliser so hard to monitor purchases)
                                                                                                        1. 2=attack those who help terrorists (what is happening in afgahnistan. without help it is harder for terrorists to operate but not impossible and does not stop friends/associates/relatives/terrorists protecting and helping)
                                                                                                          1. 3=prevent attacks (improving security at airports/stations/public places has stopped attacks, get public to be vigilant. hard to be ready as always new target/type of attack)
                                                                                                            1. 4=educating so understand why terrorism is wrong (reduce people who feel attracted to terrorist activities but some are brainwashed/forced into ignoring ideas
                                                                                                              1. 5=political answer (involving groups of people with terrorist connection in politics but is unpopular because can make it look like they've won
                                                                                                                1. why is it so hard to stop terrorists attacks? 1-don't always know who terrorists are 2-attacks are hard to predict 3-wide variety of methods so hard to know which one will be used 4-some people will always protect terrorists
                                                                                                                2. why was capital punishment abolished?
                                                                                                                  1. TIMELINE OF EVENTS 18908=people under 16 no longer hanged 1933=people under 18 (at time crime committed) no longer hanged 1950=Timothy Evans executed for murder of his wife 1953=Derek Bentley hanged at Wandsworth Prison 1955=Ruth Ellis, last woman hanged in UK 1964=last execution; Peter Anthony Allen and Gwynne Owen Evans 1965=capital punishment for murder cases suspended for 5 years 1969 abolition of capital punishment for murder
                                                                                                                    1. changes in the law after 1900 as listed meant that more people thought executing another person was wrong, an attitude greatly contrasting to those held in earlier periods of history.
                                                                                                                    2. controversial executions caused public opinion to become much more critical of capital punishment.
                                                                                                                      1. TIMOTHY EVANS 1950-he was hung for killing his wife and baby but evidence later showed that mrs evans and at least 5 other women had been killed by a man named Christie who lived in the same block of flats as the Evans'. in 1966 he was posthumously pardoned
                                                                                                                        1. DEREK BENTLEY 1953-Bentley (19) and Christopher Craig (16) broke into a london warehouse in 1952 and craig shot and killed a police man. Bentley had serious learning difficulties and had a mental age of 11. both were found guilty of murder but only betley was executed as craig was under 18. their was public protest against the sentence and this placed more pressure on the government to change the laws about the DP.he was posthumously pardoned in 1998
                                                                                                                          1. RUTH ELLIS 1955-was a controversial case as she suffered violent abuse from boyfriend she shot but the killing was planned and ruth was sane. the jury had no choice but to find her guilty but the case made people unhappy no other sentence was available.
                                                                                                                          2. a change in the law in 1957 limited death sentence to five types of murder. in 1965 another change abolished capital punishment but allowed another vote on it 5yrs later. however, treason, piracy with violence and arson in the royal docktards remained capital crimes. in december 1969 parliament confirmed the abolition of CP for murder.
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