998042
All Case Studies A2
- World Cities
- Urbanisation - the process by
which more people live in
towns and cities
- 2007 - 3.2 billion world pop in urban areas
- 2007 - 3.2 billion world pop in urban areas
- Urban growth - push/pull factors
- Suburbanisation - movement from central to edges "suburbs"
- Suburbiton, London
- Suburbiton, London
- Counter Urbanisation - from cities to rural areas
- Pressures on green belt
- Pressures on green belt
- Re urbanisation - movement back to city centre after a period of urban decline
- Urban regeneration
- Out of town shopping centres
threatening town centres eg bluewater
- But Touchwood Shopping Centre in Solihull redeveloped town centre
- But Touchwood Shopping Centre in Solihull redeveloped town centre
- Gentrification - individuals
- Property-led regeneration schemes
- Sustainable communities
- City Challenge Partnerships - bidding
- Hulme
- Hulme
- City Challenge Partnerships - bidding
- London Docklands
- Out of town shopping centres
threatening town centres eg bluewater
- Urban regeneration
- Slums of hope vs dispair
- Mumbai suburbanisation case study
- Juxtaposition rich and poor
- Affluent more £ than London,
but 60% pop in poverty
- Affluent more £ than London,
but 60% pop in poverty
- Daharavi - slum of Mumbai
- Juxtaposition rich and poor
- Sustainable Cities
- Waste management
- Transport
- Curitiba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Innovative
- 99% inhabitants want to live there
- However now becoming outdated
- Landfill expected to overflow
- No longer Brazilian city with most green space
- Needs to focus on development - not same needs as 40 years ago
- Landfill expected to overflow
- 99% inhabitants want to live there
- Transport sysem
- Bi-articulated buses with tube stops - efficient,
over 2 mill passengers day, 70% pop
- Car ownership low, so pollution low
- Car ownership low, so pollution low
- Promotes cycling - cycle lanes,
large pedestrianised areas
- Bi-articulated buses with tube stops - efficient,
over 2 mill passengers day, 70% pop
- The green exchange
- Swap recyclables for food
- Highest recycling rate in the
world - 70%
- Highest recycling rate in the
world - 70%
- Swap recyclables for food
- Large green areas to reduce
flooding and be green
- Innovative
- BedZed UK
- Focus on organic promotion - reduce high food miles
- Promotes cycling and public transport
- Reduce reuse recycle - clothes and furniture swaps
- Focus on organic promotion - reduce high food miles
- Waste management
- Urbanisation - the process by
which more people live in
towns and cities
- Development and Globalisation
- Development gap/continuum
- North/south divide
- Can be measures in GDP/GNP - gross
domestic product, gross national
product but not always accurate
- Use the HDI - Human development index
- Use the HDI - Human development index
- North/south divide
- Asian Tigers - 1960s - Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore
- Economic groupings 1-4
- 1 affluent, 2 emerging, 3 resources, 4 worst
- 1 affluent, 2 emerging, 3 resources, 4 worst
- Globalisation - increasing
interconnection between the
world's economic, cultural and
political systems
- Trade blocs
- Trade vs Aid
- LDC Bangladesh
- Plethora of problems
- Environmental natural
disasters - farms failing
- Social - gender equality, provision of healthcare and education is bad
- Trade more important than aid
- Aid is temporary, trade is long term
- Trade is more sustainable
- Trade is more sustainable
- Trade is country, aid is others
- Aid is temporary, trade is long term
- Environmental natural
disasters - farms failing
- Plethora of problems
- In some cases 1 type is better than others
- Corrupt governments
- Trade to promote economic growth
- Smoke ovens aid very successful
- Massi communities in Kenya
- Massi communities in Kenya
- Corrupt governments
- LDC Bangladesh
- NICS - India, china, 1st and 2nd gen
- FDI - foreign direct investment
- FDI - foreign direct investment
- BoserUP vs Malthus
- LDC - Darfur in Africa
- Social and political hinderance becasue of conflict
- Civil war since 2003
- Civil war since 2003
- Almost landlocked
- Next to Sudan, arab, conflict between black african farmers and arab herders over land
- Janjaweed pro-gov arab milita (unofficial)
- Social and political hinderance becasue of conflict
- TNC - Nissan
- 1960s and 70s took advantage of latest manufacturing technology
- Expanded production from just Taiwan to UK and USA
- 1984 Nissan UK opened
- USA 1980
- 1984 Nissan UK opened
- Interrupted car manufacture WW2 to make trucks - took advantage of situation
- 1960s and 70s took advantage of latest manufacturing technology
- NAFTA -1994
- EU - 1957, originally 6,
15 by 2000, 27 by 2008
- Sustainable tourism
- Knoll Beach, Dorset, UK
- Costa Rica Cloud Forest
- Knoll Beach, Dorset, UK
- Development gap/continuum
- Ecosystems
- Heather Moorland
- UK Climatic Climax
- UK Climatic Climax
- Dulwich Upper Woods
- Human management
- Human management
- Korup National Park
- Tropical Equatorial Rainforest
- Tropical Equatorial Rainforest
- Sundarbans Reserved
Forest and Serengeti
- Fragile ecosystems
- Conservation vs Exploitation
- Fragile ecosystems
- Heather Moorland
- Plates and Tectonics
- Montserrat - Caribbean - 1995
- Lots of help from British government
- Dormant for 400 years - not prepared
- Costs went from £10 mill to £75 mill in 10 years
- Island at largest point 12x8km - everyone near volcano
- Many casualties
- No specific monitoring system in place
- Initial earthquake recorded at Uni West
Indes Seismic Research Unit
- Initial earthquake recorded at Uni West
Indes Seismic Research Unit
- Lots of help from British government
- Mt. Etna - Italy - Ongoing
- 1992 lava tubes towards zafferana
- Agriculture on side of volcano
- Composite volcano with low viscosity lava - able to travel far
- Wide range of eruptions - minor to explosive
- Permanent monitoring via remote sensors for last 20+ years
- Not many deaths, usually tourists, locals are used to it
- People rebuild own homes, government intervention rare, except zafferana
- Italian army provided earth moving equipment to block and divert flow
- Italian army provided earth moving equipment to block and divert flow
- 1992 lava tubes towards zafferana
- Intrusive features
- Bedding planes in sedimentary rocks, forming crust
- Dykes, vertical with horizontal cooling cracks
- Sills, horizontal with vertical cooling cracks
- Batholiths, large lava mass cool slowly and solidify creating large crystals eg granite
- Metamorphic aureole, form around batholith from heat and pressure, eg limestone to marble
- Bedding planes in sedimentary rocks, forming crust
- Extrusive features
- Geysers and hot springs, no volcanoes but water heated at depth in crust
- Fumarole, superheated water turns to steam as condenses at surface
- Solfatara, also name place, where these mix with sulfur-rich gases
- Solfatara, also name place, where these mix with sulfur-rich gases
- Boiling mud
- Geysers and hot springs, no volcanoes but water heated at depth in crust
- Measuring/recording
- Mercalli Scale
- In terms of event impacts rather than event itself
- In terms of event impacts rather than event itself
- Richter Scale
- Logarithmic
- 0.5 x10 bigger than 0.4
- 0.5 x10 bigger than 0.4
- More people recognise this scale, easy - out of 10
- Doesnt measure all
frequencies and can take
days/weeks analysing
whole earth to know
- Use Moment Magnitude
Scale - newer and more
accurate
- Developed in 1970s and
accounts for more types of waves
and more frequencies so better
- Developed in 1970s and
accounts for more types of waves
and more frequencies so better
- Use Moment Magnitude
Scale - newer and more
accurate
- Seismograph - pen shows ground
oscilations and records wave intensity
- Logarithmic
- Mercalli Scale
- Indian ocean 2004 tsunami
- Los Angeles Earthquake 1994
- Montserrat - Caribbean - 1995
Want to create your own Mind Maps for free with GoConqr? Learn more.