positive re-inforcement of non-aggressive behaviour
internal
control of
arousal levels
Assertion - controlled Aggression
Two theories related to Agreession
Instinct Theory
innate biological drive
Social learning theory
people learn to be
agressive by watching
others
External influences
home advantage
56 -64% of winning
indoor sports relevant
proximity effect of crowd close
to the action
Social facilitation
co-actors / participants
audience / spectators
singnificant others
theories linked
Ringlemann effect
increase in performance linked to the number of participants - group
size too big performance drops which also links to social loafing
drive theory - learned behaviours
tend to be our dominant
responses.
Triplett (1898)
presence of others
leads to increase in
performance.
cope with crowds
practice selective attention
simulated crowd noises
imagery
well learnt dominant responses
relaxation techniques
Evaluation apprehension
audience judging performer
leads to arousal
importance of comp.
higher the level=higher
anxiety from external
sources
more media
higher stakes
environmental factors
dependant on person in the setting
crowd - sign others - coaches
STRATEGIES FOR COPING
SELF-TALK
(Cognitive
strategy), help
them focus on
correct technique.
IMAGERY (Cognitive strategy) -
Mental pictures. These
pictures may include images of
successful past performances, the
flowing movements of an elite role
model, or escape images where the
performer imagines him or herself in
a more relaxed place.
CUE UTILISATION (behavioural
strategy) Cue utilisation helps
develop the performer’s attention
level by getting them to
concentrate on the cues that are
most relevant.
RELAXATION
TECHNIQUES
(cognitive and
somatic
strategies),
Self-directed relaxation
is where the performer
concentrates on each of
their muscle groups
separately and relaxes
them.
Progressive relaxation
training is where a
performer feels the
tension in their muscles
and gets rid of this
tension by ‘letting go’.
Other techniques include: • visualisation – using mental mages to help create calm and control • yoga •
listening to music and/or relaxation tapes • toe-tensing • deep-breathing exercises.
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
depend more on the people in that setting.
These include the crowd, other
competitors (including
teammates and opponents),
coaches, and in elite sport the
media in its various forms.
novice performers
perform best in
low-arousal
environments.
If the crowd is noisy and aggressive,
then the performer may feel more
anxious and may also become more
aggressive themselves. The
proximity of the crowd can also
influence performance – if the crowd
is very close to the court or pitch, the
performer may feel threatened,
which may cause their level of
anxiety to increase.
The climatic conditions can also affect performance.
Again, the better the performer, the more effective
they will be at dealing with adverse conditions.