P1h:Stable Earth

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Mind Map on P1h:Stable Earth, created by antonia_f on 07/05/2014.
antonia_f
Mind Map by antonia_f, updated more than 1 year ago
antonia_f
Created by antonia_f over 10 years ago
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P1h:Stable Earth
  1. Earth's Inside
    1. P waves travel through the Earth: ––they are refracted by the core ––the paths taken by P waves mean that scientists can work out the size of the Earth’s core.
      1. S waves are not detected on the opposite side of Earth to an earthquake: ––they will not travel through liquid ––this tells scientists that Earth’s core is liquid.
      2. Tan or Burn
        1. A tan is caused by the action of ultraviolet light on the skin
          1. Cells in the skin produce melanin, a pigment that produces a tan.
            1. People with darker skin do not tan as easily because ultraviolet radiation is filtered out.
              1. Use a sun screen with a high SPF, or sun protection factor, to reduce risks.
                1. maximum length of time to spend in the sun = published normal burn time × SPF
                  1. People are becoming more aware of the dangers of exposure to ultraviolet radiation, including the use of sun beds.
                  2. Ozone Depletion
                    1. Ozone is found in the stratosphere.
                      1. Ozone helps to filter out ultraviolet radiation.
                        1. CFC gases from aerosols and fridges destroy ozone and reduce the thickness of the ozone layer. ––This increases the potential danger to humans.
                          1. The ozone layer is at its thinnest above the South Pole because ozone depleting chemicals work best in cold conditions.
                            1. At first scientists did not believe there was thinning of the ozone layer – they thought their instruments were faulty but other scientists confirmed the results and increased confidence in the findings.
                              1. Scientists monitor the thickness of the ozone layer using satellites. There is international agreement to reduce CFC emissions.
                              2. Earthquake Waves
                                1. A seismograph shows the different types of earthquake wave.
                                  1. L waves travel round the surface very slowly.
                                    1. P waves are longitudinal pressure waves: ––P waves travel through the Earth at between 5 km/s and 8 km/s ––P waves can pass through solids and liquids.
                                      1. S waves are transverse waves: ––S waves travel through the Earth at between 3 km/s and 5.5 km/s ––S waves can only pass through solids.
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