109437
Description
Mind Map by seth.bragg, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by seth.bragg
almost 12 years ago
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Crude Oils and Fuels
- Crude oil
- Crude oil is a mixture of a very large of
compounds called hydrocarbons
- A mixture consists of two or more
elements or compounds not chemically
combined together
- The chemical properties of each substance in the mixture are
unchanged and we can separate these substances by physical
methods including distillation
- The chemical properties of each substance in the mixture are
unchanged and we can separate these substances by physical
methods including distillation
- Hydrocarbons are made solely out of hydrogen and carbon
and are mostly saturated substances called Alkanes which
have the general formula CnH2n+2
- A mixture consists of two or more
elements or compounds not chemically
combined together
- Crude oil is a mixture of a very large of
compounds called hydrocarbons
- Hydrocarbons
- Alkane molecules can be represented as: C2H6 or (see attachment)
- Alkanes with 1 carbon are called methane
- Alkanes with 2 carbon are called ethane
- Alkanes with 3 carbons are called propane
- Alkanes with 4 carbons are called butane
- Alkanes with 1 carbon are called methane
- Distillation is a process that can be used to separate
a pure liquid from a mixture of liquids and it works when
the liquids have different boiling points
- If a mixture of water and ethanol is heated, the water has a
lower boiling so it will evaporate before the ethanol
- The water vapour can
then be cooled and
condensed in a separate
flask so the two liquids
are separate
- The water vapour can
then be cooled and
condensed in a separate
flask so the two liquids
are separate
- In a fractional distillation column, heated
crude oil is fed into the column
- Hydrocarbons with high boiling points do not
vaporise so they stay at the bottom while the rest
evaporate and rise up the column
- The temperature of the column decreases
as you go up so the hydrocarbons with low
boiling points condense further up the column
- The longer the hydrocarbon chain the
more viscous, the higher the boiling
temperature and the lower the
flammability; these hydrocarbons
come out at the bottom of the column
- The shorter the hydrocarbon
chain the less viscous, the
lower the boiling temperature
and the higher the flammability;
these hydrocarbons come out
at the top of the column
- The shorter the hydrocarbon
chain the less viscous, the
lower the boiling temperature
and the higher the flammability;
these hydrocarbons come out
at the top of the column
- The longer the hydrocarbon chain the
more viscous, the higher the boiling
temperature and the lower the
flammability; these hydrocarbons
come out at the bottom of the column
- The temperature of the column decreases
as you go up so the hydrocarbons with low
boiling points condense further up the column
- Hydrocarbons with high boiling points do not
vaporise so they stay at the bottom while the rest
evaporate and rise up the column
- If a mixture of water and ethanol is heated, the water has a
lower boiling so it will evaporate before the ethanol
- Alkane molecules can be represented as: C2H6 or (see attachment)
- Hydrocarbons as Fuels
- Most fuels, including coal, contain carbon and/or hydrogen and may also
contain some sulfur- they release gases when burnt which may include
carbon dioxide, water vapour, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and oxides
of nitrogen as well as some solids, particulates, which may be released
- Sulfur dioxide and
oxides of nitrogen
cause acid rain, carbon
dioxide causes global
warming, and solid
particles cause global
dimming
- Sulfur dioxide and
oxides of nitrogen
cause acid rain, carbon
dioxide causes global
warming, and solid
particles cause global
dimming
- The combustion of hydrocarbons
fuels releases energy and the carbon
hydrogen in the fuel is oxidised
- Sulfur can be removed from fuels
before they are burned, for example
in vehicles, and sulfur dioxide can
be removed from the waste gases
after combustion, for example in
power stations
- Biofuels, including biodiesel and ethanol, are
produced from plant material- there are
economic, ethical and environmental issues
surrounding their use
- Most fuels, including coal, contain carbon and/or hydrogen and may also
contain some sulfur- they release gases when burnt which may include
carbon dioxide, water vapour, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and oxides
of nitrogen as well as some solids, particulates, which may be released
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