(5) What was the impact of the 1905 Revolution on Nicholas’ control? ( Aims and Methods)

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A level Russia History ((4) Nicholas II) Mind Map on (5) What was the impact of the 1905 Revolution on Nicholas’ control? ( Aims and Methods), created by Marcus Danvers on 09/18/2014.
Marcus  Danvers
Mind Map by Marcus Danvers, updated more than 1 year ago
Marcus  Danvers
Created by Marcus Danvers over 10 years ago
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(5) What was the impact of the 1905 Revolution on Nicholas’ control? ( Aims and Methods)
  1. Political impact - Duma, Civil rights, Tsar’s powers, Opposition groups.
    1. Strengthened the Tsar’s control
      1. October Manifesto 1905
        1. Split revolutionary forces
        2. Spring 1906 Details of Constitution
          1. Power of Duma weakened as:
            1. now two chamber to agree new laws, ie Duma and reformed State Council, half of whom were appointed by the tsar, the other elected by the Church, noble, Zemstva, universities and business groups
            2. Duma elected in separate electoral colleges depending on class/property
              1. Duma's Power clipped even before it met
              2. Duma only had control of one third of government income
                1. Formal constitution, but not parliamentary government
                2. Fundamental Laws. Tsar still had "supreme autocratic power"
                  1. Tsar appointed and dismissed ministers who were not responsible to Duma
                    1. Tsar could dissolve Duma, but had to call another
                    2. June 1907 Electoral Law Change
                      1. Duma and State Council HAD to approve electoral changes.
                        1. Only 3.5 million Voted in 1907; only 16% of adult male population. Turnout averaged about 50%
                        2. Franchise restricted to favour gentry and urban rich
                          1. Secured far more moderate Third Duma which lasted full five years
                        3. The Government interfered in the 1912 elections to ensure satisfactory candidates were elected
                          1. The finns, too, became victims of Russian chauvinisim. Support by the Duma, the government began to retract the concessions made in 1905, and even to under Finland's special granted on her acquisition in 1809. Poles, Armenians, Baltic Germans, Georgians and the vast range of minority groups suffered similarly.
                            1. There was a renewed concentration on Balkan affairs
                              1. Increase in national pressures in the Duma, but chiefly due to the growth of tensions in that area as Slav nationalism grew, and Austria-Hungary became more concerned
                              2. These Diplomatic humiliations made Russia less prepared to accept a further setback in 1914. Nicholas eventually, reluctantly, mobilized his troops which triggered off war with Germany.
                              3. Weakened the Tsar’s control
                                1. Feb/Aug 1905 Bulygin Proposals 1905
                                  1. Feb 1905 Nicholas told Interior Minister Bulygin to draw up to create elected assembly
                                    1. Failed to reduce discontent
                                  2. October Manifesto 1905
                                    1. Duma now to have legislative power
                                      1. Moderate liberals accepted and formed Octobrist Party
                                      2. Franchise broadened so as to include "those classes which are now completely deprived of electoral rights"
                                        1. Promised civil rights, ie free meetings, free speech, liberty of conscience.
                                        2. Spring 1906 Details of Constitution
                                          1. Peasants dominated first two Dumas, and surprised government by their radical demands.
                                            1. Great gulf between government and Duma
                                            2. Criticism grew as the quality of Nicholas's appointed deteriorated. Nicholas appointed a series of nonentities of government posts. The most notorious was the aged notorious Goremykin, re-appointed as Chairman of the Council of Ministers in January 1914
                                              1. Such polices served to discredit tsarism in liberal circles aboard, and also to stimulate the growth of revolutionary parties amongst the national minorities. A disproportionate number of Social Democrats, for example, were Jews or from other races.
                                                1. In Central Asia thousands of Muslims were dispossessed of "surplus" land by Russian migrants, backed by the army. The resultant resentment led to a massive rebellion in 1916 in which thousands were killed.
                                                  1. The government came to agreements with Japan and Britain over spheres of influence in the Far East.
                                                    1. Russia was aware of her military weakness after 1905 and back down over the Balkan wars 1908-9 from Austrian and German pressures
                                                      1. Nicholas II anti-Semitism and political naivety in openly approving the extreme right-wing Union of the Russian People, his stubborn belief in upholding the autocracy and his military adventurism have also been viewed as disastrous for the monarchy
                                                    2. Impact in the countryside - Economic impact of land reforms, Social impact of land reforms, Peasants’ attitudes towards the Tsar.
                                                      1. Strengthened the Tsar’s control
                                                        1. It is difficult to asses the political effects of the reforms. Stolypin hoped his reforms would create a prosperous, conservative peasantry, but in the meantime he reduced peasant representation in the Third Duma. Official statistics show a decline in peasant riots fro over 3000 in 1905 to only 128 in 1913.
                                                        2. Weakened the Tsar’s control
                                                          1. In Novermber 1905, at the height of the Revolution, Nicholas had promised to cancel redemption payments. This was the first part if a major reform programme designed to improve agriculture by liberating enterprising peasants from the restrictions of the commune
                                                            1. Between 1907 and 1916 two and a half million households left the commune
                                                              1. By 1916 approximately one quarter of all peasant land was privately owned outside the commune, though most was still in strip form
                                                                1. Helped by State Bank loans, the land held by the peasantry continued to increases as they bought land, often from frightened gentry
                                                                  1. There is considerable evidence that the Stolypin reforms did not bring peace to the Russian countryside. Gatrell has described them as "conflict-ridden", as they fostered new bitterness, now directed at those "separators", who took advantage of the reforms and government support, to set up individual farm.
                                                                    1. In this, opinion, far from solving agrarian problems, Stolypin created new ones.
                                                                      1. By 1909 troops were increasingly used to quell unrest, and the inexorable populations rise increased peasant covetousness for the noble's estates which they eventually seized in 1917. These peasants revolts were largely stimulated by news of the overthrow of the Tsar in February
                                                                    2. Impact in the cities - Economic impact of industrialisation, Social impact of industrialisation, Workers’ attitudes towards the Tsar.
                                                                      1. Strengthened the Tsar’s control
                                                                        1. Gatrell and others, however, have disputed this interpretation. Although agreeing that state supported railways were far less important in this period, they argue that the state still played the dominant role in industrialisation through its armaments programme.
                                                                          1. Though the production of consumer goods did rise, its proportion of total industrial output actually fell from 52% to 45%, and it was heavy industry that was still central to the pre-war economic boom.
                                                                            1. The St Petersburg strike of 1914 ended just before the outbreak of war which inspired a mass patriotic rallying to the government
                                                                              1. The revolutionary groups only had real infuence in the few major industrial centres. They had no effective national organisation. The Bolshevik leadership could not control the rank and file. Revolutionary party, did not pose much of a threat to tsarism.
                                                                                1. The concession of greater university autonomy granted in 1905 was gradually withdrawn, and in 1910 Stoylpin ordered a new wave of repression against universities, and non-academic meetings were banned
                                                                                  1. Where trade union were now legal, many were stamped out.
                                                                                    1. Whilst the number of newspaper grew rapidly, nearly a thousand publications were closed, and other suffered from deletions by the censor and the threat to editors of being fined or arrested.
                                                                                    2. Weakened the Tsar’s control
                                                                                      1. Economic Historian Gerschenkron argues:
                                                                                        1. He contrasts the early dependence on state backed railway development in the late 19th century, with the more self-sustained economic growth of the last years of tsarism, which was based on a growing natural internal market.
                                                                                          1. These, together with a rise in agriculture prices, produced a growing domestic market, and a more consumer-based, Western style of industrialisation, with the state playing a far smaller role than in the initial stages.
                                                                                          2. The comparative lack of medium sized factories, with large scale works of over 1000 coexisting with a mass of small handicrafts, indicated the unbalanced nature of Russia's industrialisation, and probably contributed to increased social tensions
                                                                                            1. As well as creating discontent amongst urban workers, Russia's rapid industrialisation, by putting burdens on the peasantry, also caused discontent in the countryside. Another potential adverse effect of industrialisation was the growth of a middle class.
                                                                                              1. Unrest in the growing towns was always likely to be more politically significant than rural discontent, and here too the same pattern seems evident. Rapid development of large scale industry inevitably produced of large scale industry inevitably produced social tension, due to overcrowding and long hours, low pay, fierce discipline and numerous accidents.
                                                                                                1. This was seem in 1912 when troops were called into a strike in the lena goldfields, and 270 strikers were killed. There was a wave of sympathy strikes, and the Okhrana warned that the situation was similar to that in January 1905
                                                                                                  1. In July 1914 a general striking broke out in St Petersburg, with virtually all workers striking
                                                                                                    1. Growing Bolshevik influence, directed into more political and revolutionary directions. In the Duma and in elections for workers' representatives the Bolsheviks were gaining over the Mensheviks, and their "Pravda" newspaper reached a circulation of about 40,000
                                                                                                      1. Relative passivity should not be confused with support for the regime. Stability had been secured on the basis of coercion, not contract and consent. This might not suffice if the regime were put to new tests.
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