Crime and punishment (Early Modern)

Description

Mind Map on Crime and punishment (Early Modern), created by Fran Hay on 29/05/2018.
Fran  Hay
Mind Map by Fran Hay, updated more than 1 year ago
Fran  Hay
Created by Fran Hay almost 6 years ago
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Resource summary

Crime and punishment (Early Modern)

Annotations:

  • c1500-c1700
  1. Changes in society

    Annotations:

    • there were two types of changes - social - religious 
    1. Lead to crimes against the person

      Annotations:

      •  - The increase of street criminals and petty thieves
      1. increase in population and a crime of feudalism lead to higher unemployment, which meant more people moved to urban areas in search of work so towns and cities grew

        Annotations:

        • The more people in the towns and cities, the easier petty crimes became
      2. Lead to crimes against property

        Annotations:

        • - For example poaching as more land owners restricted the land the commoners from hunting on their land
        1. The end of feudalism and new farming methods lead to enclosure of land.

          Annotations:

          • Enclosure = fencing it off for the exclusive use of the land owner
        2. Lead to crimes against authority

          Annotations:

          • - as more people committed heresy and high treason -Heresy first became a crime in 1382.
          1. Why was there an increase of crimes against authority?

            Annotations:

            • This included high treason because the crime is plotting or acting to overthrow or harm the ruler or country
            1. Early modern England was ruled by the Tudors and then the Stuarts. It was a time of religious change and many rebellions and plots against the monarchy

              Annotations:

              • Everyone one who committed crimes against authority were mostly executed by the King or Queen
            2. changes in peoples religious beliefs and religion of the Monarch

              Annotations:

              • Different rulers had different religions that wanted the whole country to believe in
              1. The Timeline of religious leaders

                Annotations:

                • Illegal to be unemployed and homeless, forcing them to beg for money
                1. 1509-47 ~ Henry VII was a strict Catholic until he changed to Protestant but still enforced Catholic ideas

                  Annotations:

                  • New factors in society led to new crimes
                  1. 1547-53 ~ Edward VI was Protestant

                    Annotations:

                    • This was because of falling wages, not as many jobs and no system to help the poor as the monasteries were shut down.
                    1. 1553-58 ~ Mary I was a strict Catholic

                      Annotations:

                      • - It was given the death sentence - The community thought that because of the move from Catholic to Protestant that there were witches scheming with the devil.
                      1. 1558-1603 ~Elizabeth I was a Protestant but was allowing mild Catholism

                        Annotations:

                        • Macbeth
                        1. 1603-25 ~ James I was a strict Protestant

                          Annotations:

                          • -They were seen as lazy 
          2. New crimes

            Annotations:

            • New factors in society led to new crimes
            1. Moral crims

              Annotations:

              • Crimes that went against someones morals
              1. Cromwell banned leisurely activities to make England more Godly and got rid of the recusancy law

                Annotations:

                • Recusancy = fined for not going to church 
                1. Between 1649-1660 there was no king or queen, Oliver Cromwell ruled asd Lord Protector, he was a strict Protestant that was called a Puritan

                  Annotations:

                  • He believed that fun was a sin
                  1. New laws were put in place to help resolve the problem

                    Annotations:

                    • Banned everything fun
                    1. He banned: being drunk, over eating, Christmas

                      Annotations:

                      • time for more prayers
                      1. Sabbath

                        Annotations:

                        • You were not allowed to play sports on the Sunday
                  2. Rural Crimes

                    Annotations:

                    • - eg. poaching  -crimes that effected people living in rural areas
                    1. Landowners wanted to make a profit from the enclosed land, but the poor kept hunting and fishing on the land

                      Annotations:

                      • Poaching became a social crime
                      1. Many land owners enclosed their land, preventing the poor from being able to use the common land,.

                        Annotations:

                        • This meant that animals could not graze anywhere, which created many problems for farmers
                        1. New laws were put in place to help resolve the problem

                          Annotations:

                          • 1671 - The Game Act
                          1. The Game Act

                            Annotations:

                            • This made poaching illegal
                      2. Witchcraft

                        Annotations:

                        • introduced the death penalty for summoning the evil spirits
                        1. Witchcraft had been a minor crime until The Early Modern where is became serious as people saw it as harmful

                          Annotations:

                          • This meant that animal could not graze anywhere, which created many problems for farmers
                          1. New laws were put in place to help resolve the problem

                            Annotations:

                            • time for more prayers
                            1. Witchcraft Act

                              Annotations:

                              • Banned everything fun
                              1. The Witchcraft and Conjurations Act

                                Annotations:

                                • introduced the death penalty for summoning the evil spirits
                            2. The media and William Shakespeare also made people more aware of witchcraft

                              Annotations:

                              • Macbeth
                            3. Vagrancy

                              Annotations:

                              • 1494 - Vagabonds and Beggars Act 1547 - Vagrancy Act 1597 - Act for the Relief of the Poor 1601 - Poor Laws
                              1. Vagrancy grew and became a crime because of the increasing unemployment rate

                                Annotations:

                                • -The 'deserving' poor were given poor relief by the local parish. -The 'undeserving' could be branded with the letter V, whipped or sent to a correction house.
                                1. New laws were put in place to help resolve the problem

                                  Annotations:

                                  • He believed that fun was a sin
                                  1. The Vagrancy Act

                                    Annotations:

                                    • Recusancy = fined for not going to church 
                                    1. The Poor Laws

                                      Annotations:

                                      • You were not allowed to play sports on the Sunday
                                  2. They were feared and hated by the settled population

                                    Annotations:

                                    • Poaching became a social crime
                                  3. Smuggling

                                    Annotations:

                                    • Goods entering the country illegally
                                    1. Because Britain was building an empire and therefore the government introduced import duties (tax) to make more money

                                      Annotations:

                                      • Tax's meant prices raised 
                                      1. New laws were put in place to help resolve the problem

                                        Annotations:

                                        • 1671 - The Board of Custom Established 
                                        1. The Board of Customs Established

                                          Annotations:

                                          • Established to help monitor and enforce smuggling laws
                                      2. It was easy to get the goods into the country without having to pay tax and therefore the prices would be lower meaning more people were willing to buy the smuggled goods.

                                        Annotations:

                                        • This is because the UK is an island and the whole coast can not be watched
                                    2. The Gun powder plot - 1605

                                      Annotations:

                                      • treason and crimes against authority
                                      1. Why the Gun Powder Plot happened

                                        Annotations:

                                        • They wanted to kill the King and other Protestant leaders
                                        1. Catholics wanted freedom so the so the Pope told them to depose Elizabeth I

                                          Annotations:

                                          • There were more laws imposed that prevented Catholics from practising their faith
                                          1. But James I continued with anti-Catholic laws

                                            Annotations:

                                            • The plotters wanted James' daughter, Elizabeth, to be Queen
                                          2. How the Gun Powder Plot happened

                                            Annotations:

                                            • 5th of November
                                            1. The Plotters rented the house next to Parliament, above the cellar

                                              Annotations:

                                              • Parliament = Houses of Parliament
                                              1. They filled the cellar with barrels of gun powder

                                                Annotations:

                                                • They were put in before the 5th
                                                1. Guy Fawkes was sent to set it off

                                                  Annotations:

                                                  • No one else was there
                                                  1. The other men tried to flee and hide but were still caught

                                                    Annotations:

                                                    • Everyone was caught
                                            2. What happened the Plotters after they were caught

                                              Annotations:

                                              • Only Guy Fawkes was arrested at the time
                                              1. Guy Fawkes was tortured

                                                Annotations:

                                                • He was tortured on the rack, which was mean to be illegal
                                                1. until he gave up his fellow conspirators

                                                  Annotations:

                                                  • They had all left and were in other villages hiding
                                                  1. They were all hung, drawn and quartered

                                                    Annotations:

                                                    • January 1606
                                                  2. Why did the Plot fail

                                                    Annotations:

                                                    • written confession was given to James
                                                    1. Lord Monteagle gave the letter to Robert Cecil (James I's spy-master)

                                                      Annotations:

                                                      • One of the plotters was the Lords friend
                                                      1. Cecil ordered a search of the basement and he found Guy Fawkes and the gunpowder

                                                        Annotations:

                                                        • Therefore the plot was stopped before it began
                                                    2. Law Enforcement

                                                      Annotations:

                                                      • Traditional methods became useless
                                                      1. Law enforcers

                                                        Annotations:

                                                        • people who enforced the law after crimes and before crimes could happen
                                                        1. Thief-takers

                                                          Annotations:

                                                          • gang members
                                                          1. Criminals that turned rival gangs in for rewards

                                                            Annotations:

                                                            • They stepped in when the other enforces weren't effective
                                                          2. Night watch men

                                                            Annotations:

                                                            • volunteers
                                                            1. Volunteers with other jobs as well, a male from each household is meant to serve.

                                                              Annotations:

                                                              • They ring a bell, to warn people to go inside or be seen as a criminal
                                                            2. Town constable

                                                              Annotations:

                                                              • appointed
                                                              1. Appointed by the local people and they are expected break up fights and stop suspected criminals

                                                                Annotations:

                                                                • Their boss was the JP's
                                                            3. What changes were there to the role of the church in the law enforcement

                                                              Annotations:

                                                              • changes over time
                                                              1. The Benefit of the Clergy

                                                                Annotations:

                                                                • A place where you seek be trialed differently in a church court
                                                                1. Sanctuary

                                                                  Annotations:

                                                                  • it was stopped by James I
                                                                2. The continuity in catching the criminals

                                                                  Annotations:

                                                                  • continuity over time
                                                                  1. There was still no national police force and the effectiveness of law enforcement varied widely across the country

                                                                    Annotations:

                                                                    • police force is started in the 18th century
                                                                    1. people were expected to to raise and join the hue and cry

                                                                      Annotations:

                                                                      • started in the medieval times
                                                                  2. Punishment

                                                                    Annotations:

                                                                    • how crimes were dealt with after law enforcement
                                                                    1. The most common punishments were corporal and capital

                                                                      Annotations:

                                                                      • corporal - lose a body part capital - death
                                                                      1. The punishments that have continued through time

                                                                        Annotations:

                                                                        • not changed
                                                                        1. Fines

                                                                          Annotations:

                                                                          • punish minor crimes
                                                                          1. Pillory, stocks, flogging and maiming

                                                                            Annotations:

                                                                            • forms of corporal punishment towards beggars, drunkenness and vagrancy
                                                                            1. hanging

                                                                              Annotations:

                                                                              • crimes such as theft, murder, smuggling -nobles were beheaded, not hung
                                                                              1. Burning

                                                                                Annotations:

                                                                                • crimes such as heresy
                                                                              2. The main purpose of crime was still deterrence and retribution

                                                                                Annotations:

                                                                                • deterrence = deter people from doing it retribution = give people what they deserve for their crimes
                                                                                1. The Bloody Code

                                                                                  Annotations:

                                                                                  • - This was a change
                                                                                  1. There were 50 capital offences but at the end of the century there were 220 crimes punishable by death

                                                                                    Annotations:

                                                                                    • stealing a loaf of bread to murder
                                                                                    1. Seen as a deterrent

                                                                                      Annotations:

                                                                                      • deterred petty crimes
                                                                                      1. Used between 1688 - 1825

                                                                                        Annotations:

                                                                                        • grew out of hand 
                                                                                      2. Transportation to America

                                                                                        Annotations:

                                                                                        • change
                                                                                        1. Transported to North America to do manual work

                                                                                          Annotations:

                                                                                          • The punishment was retribution, deterrent and rehabilitation 
                                                                                          1. between 50,000-80,000 people were transported

                                                                                            Annotations:

                                                                                            • this included men, women, and children
                                                                                            1. They were sentence 7-14 years

                                                                                              Annotations:

                                                                                              • But they could not afford the journey back to England
                                                                                              1. This meant that there were less criminals in England but less were being killed

                                                                                                Annotations:

                                                                                                • This is because prisons were not invented yet
                                                                                          2. Witch-Hunts 1645-47

                                                                                            Annotations:

                                                                                            • change
                                                                                            1. Matthew Hopkins

                                                                                              Annotations:

                                                                                              • The 'Witchfinder General'
                                                                                              1. employed by a Justice of Peace

                                                                                                Annotations:

                                                                                                • find witches in Essex and East Anglia
                                                                                                1. He got 112 hung for witchcraft

                                                                                                  Annotations:

                                                                                                  • 300 people were originally investigated
                                                                                                  1. used torture

                                                                                                    Annotations:

                                                                                                    • unfair to many
                                                                                                  2. Reasons for the intensity of the Witch-hunts

                                                                                                    Annotations:

                                                                                                    • The Civil War caused most of the problems
                                                                                                    1. Lack of Authority

                                                                                                      Annotations:

                                                                                                      • The civil war weakened the control of local authorities and in some areas law and order and completely collapsed.
                                                                                                      1. Influence of Individuals

                                                                                                        Annotations:

                                                                                                        • - James I had promoted Witch-hunting  - Matthew Hopkins spread fear
                                                                                                        1. Religious change

                                                                                                          Annotations:

                                                                                                          • Religious differences meant the Puritans to think that the Royalists were using witchcraft
                                                                                                          1. Social problems

                                                                                                            Annotations:

                                                                                                            • -The war left many widows  -There were more strangers around
                                                                                                            1. Economic problems

                                                                                                              Annotations:

                                                                                                              • The Civil War and the poor harvests caused huge money problems. People were looking for a scapegoat
                                                                                                              1. James I's book 'Demonologie'

                                                                                                                Annotations:

                                                                                                                • encouraged superstitious beliefs 
                                                                                                              2. Evidence used to determined if someone is a witch

                                                                                                                Annotations:

                                                                                                                • Most of the evidence was wrong and vague 
                                                                                                                1. Unusual marks on the body

                                                                                                                  Annotations:

                                                                                                                  • birthmarks or scars or moles
                                                                                                                  1. Witness accounts

                                                                                                                    Annotations:

                                                                                                                    • Someone else has seen this person be a witch
                                                                                                                    1. When they are thrown into water, they float
                                                                                                                      1. Confessions of the accused

                                                                                                                        Annotations:

                                                                                                                        • Many were tortured into giving confessions
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