Environment and Evolution

Description

Mind Map on Environment and Evolution, created by Joseph Tedds on 10/29/2014.
Joseph Tedds
Mind Map by Joseph Tedds, updated more than 1 year ago
Joseph Tedds
Created by Joseph Tedds over 10 years ago
10
1

Resource summary

Environment and Evolution
  1. Adaptation
    1. Desert Animals
      1. Large surface area to volume ratio
        1. Concentrated urine
          1. Very little sweating
            1. Camoflauge
              1. Thin layer of fat
              2. Arctic Animals
                1. Small surface area to volume ratio
                  1. Camoflauge
                    1. Thick hairy coats
                      1. Blubber
                      2. Desert plants
                        1. Spines instead of leaves
                          1. Deep roots
                            1. Waxy coating
                              1. Shallow, long roots
                                1. Small surface area to volume ratio
                                  1. Water storage in stem
                                  2. Deterring predators
                                    1. Armour
                                      1. Poison
                                        1. Warning colours
                                      2. Competition and Environmental change
                                        1. Plants
                                          1. Water
                                            1. Sunlight
                                              1. Space
                                                1. Minerals
                                                2. Animals
                                                  1. Mates
                                                    1. Food
                                                      1. Territory
                                                        1. Water
                                                        2. Living Factors
                                                          1. Disease
                                                            1. Increased predators
                                                              1. Decreased prey/foood
                                                                1. Change in competition
                                                                2. Non-living Factors
                                                                  1. Change in temperature
                                                                    1. Natural disaster
                                                                      1. Change in rainfall
                                                                      2. Indicators
                                                                        1. Living indicators
                                                                          1. Lichen
                                                                            1. Mayfly larvae
                                                                              1. Rat-tailed maggots
                                                                              2. Non-living indicators
                                                                                1. Rain gauges
                                                                                  1. Atmospheric temperature
                                                                                    1. Oxygen levels
                                                                                      1. Temperature of the sea surface
                                                                                        1. Snow and ice coverage
                                                                                    2. Pyramids of Biomass
                                                                                      1. Shows how much energy is transferred through the stages
                                                                                        1. Producer at the bottom
                                                                                          1. Primary consumer
                                                                                            1. Secondary consumer
                                                                                              1. Tertiary consumer
                                                                                                1. Energy Loss
                                                                                                  1. Respiration
                                                                                                    1. Indigestible parts
                                                                                                      1. Animal waste
                                                                                                        1. Heat
                                                                                                      2. Carbon Cycle
                                                                                                        1. Fossil fuels and animal and plant products are burned releasing carbon dioxide
                                                                                                          1. Animals eat plants
                                                                                                            1. Plants take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis
                                                                                                              1. Plant and animal respiration releases carbon dioxide
                                                                                                                1. Animals die and decay releasing carbon dioxide
                                                                                                                  1. Microorganisms facilitate decay in warm, moist conditions
                                                                                                                    1. They also respire and release carbon dioxide
                                                                                                                2. Genes
                                                                                                                  1. Variation
                                                                                                                    1. Genes are responsible for different characteristics
                                                                                                                      1. Offspring are varied because they get genetic information from the gametes of each parent
                                                                                                                        1. Since each time there will be a different combination of genes the offspring will vary
                                                                                                                          1. Environmental factors can also cause variation
                                                                                                                          2. The nucleus in cells contains genetic information in the form of chromosomes
                                                                                                                            1. The human body has 23 pairs of chromosomes
                                                                                                                              1. Chromosomes carry genes that determine certain characteristics
                                                                                                                                1. Genes are long strands of DNA
                                                                                                                              2. Genetic Engineering
                                                                                                                                1. A useful gene from a chromosome is "cut" out and replaces that of another organism
                                                                                                                                  1. Improves organisms
                                                                                                                                    1. Gene therapy
                                                                                                                                      1. Resistance to viruses
                                                                                                                                    2. Reproduction
                                                                                                                                      1. Sexual reproduction
                                                                                                                                        1. Egg cell and a sperm cell
                                                                                                                                          1. Each cell (gamete) contains half the necessary chromosomes
                                                                                                                                            1. Two parents cause a mix
                                                                                                                                              1. Genetic variation
                                                                                                                                              2. Asexual reproduction
                                                                                                                                                1. Genetically identical
                                                                                                                                                  1. Chromosomes split down the middle and separate
                                                                                                                                                    1. Membranes form around the sets of chromosomes
                                                                                                                                                      1. The DNA replicates itself
                                                                                                                                                    2. Replacement cells
                                                                                                                                                    3. Cloning
                                                                                                                                                      1. Plants
                                                                                                                                                        1. Cuttings are taken and regrown
                                                                                                                                                          1. Plant cells are put in a growth medium with hormones
                                                                                                                                                          2. Animals
                                                                                                                                                            1. Sperm cells and egg cells are taken and the embryo that forms is split many times
                                                                                                                                                              1. An adult cell is taken as well as an egg with the nucleus removed
                                                                                                                                                                1. The adult cell's chromosomes are implanted into the egg
                                                                                                                                                                  1. The egg is given an electric shock to stimulate it
                                                                                                                                                                    1. The embryo is implanted into a surrogate mother
                                                                                                                                                          3. Evolution
                                                                                                                                                            1. Natural Selection
                                                                                                                                                              1. Organisms with characteristics that increase lifespan makes it more likely they will pass on their genes
                                                                                                                                                                1. Organisms are different because of variation
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Useful characteristics are passed on
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Inherited Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                    1. If you use a characteristic a lot it will develop more
                                                                                                                                                                      1. These characteristics are passed on to the next generation
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