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1552673
Environment and Evolution
Description
Mind Map on Environment and Evolution, created by Joseph Tedds on 10/29/2014.
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a-level
Mind Map by
Joseph Tedds
, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by
Joseph Tedds
over 10 years ago
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Resource summary
Environment and Evolution
Adaptation
Desert Animals
Large surface area to volume ratio
Concentrated urine
Very little sweating
Camoflauge
Thin layer of fat
Arctic Animals
Small surface area to volume ratio
Camoflauge
Thick hairy coats
Blubber
Desert plants
Spines instead of leaves
Deep roots
Waxy coating
Shallow, long roots
Small surface area to volume ratio
Water storage in stem
Deterring predators
Armour
Poison
Warning colours
Competition and Environmental change
Plants
Water
Sunlight
Space
Minerals
Animals
Mates
Food
Territory
Water
Living Factors
Disease
Increased predators
Decreased prey/foood
Change in competition
Non-living Factors
Change in temperature
Natural disaster
Change in rainfall
Indicators
Living indicators
Lichen
Mayfly larvae
Rat-tailed maggots
Non-living indicators
Rain gauges
Atmospheric temperature
Oxygen levels
Temperature of the sea surface
Snow and ice coverage
Pyramids of Biomass
Shows how much energy is transferred through the stages
Producer at the bottom
Primary consumer
Secondary consumer
Tertiary consumer
Energy Loss
Respiration
Indigestible parts
Animal waste
Heat
Carbon Cycle
Fossil fuels and animal and plant products are burned releasing carbon dioxide
Animals eat plants
Plants take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis
Plant and animal respiration releases carbon dioxide
Animals die and decay releasing carbon dioxide
Microorganisms facilitate decay in warm, moist conditions
They also respire and release carbon dioxide
Genes
Variation
Genes are responsible for different characteristics
Offspring are varied because they get genetic information from the gametes of each parent
Since each time there will be a different combination of genes the offspring will vary
Environmental factors can also cause variation
The nucleus in cells contains genetic information in the form of chromosomes
The human body has 23 pairs of chromosomes
Chromosomes carry genes that determine certain characteristics
Genes are long strands of DNA
Genetic Engineering
A useful gene from a chromosome is "cut" out and replaces that of another organism
Improves organisms
Gene therapy
Resistance to viruses
Reproduction
Sexual reproduction
Egg cell and a sperm cell
Each cell (gamete) contains half the necessary chromosomes
Two parents cause a mix
Genetic variation
Asexual reproduction
Genetically identical
Chromosomes split down the middle and separate
Membranes form around the sets of chromosomes
The DNA replicates itself
Replacement cells
Cloning
Plants
Cuttings are taken and regrown
Plant cells are put in a growth medium with hormones
Animals
Sperm cells and egg cells are taken and the embryo that forms is split many times
An adult cell is taken as well as an egg with the nucleus removed
The adult cell's chromosomes are implanted into the egg
The egg is given an electric shock to stimulate it
The embryo is implanted into a surrogate mother
Evolution
Natural Selection
Organisms with characteristics that increase lifespan makes it more likely they will pass on their genes
Organisms are different because of variation
Useful characteristics are passed on
Inherited Characteristics
If you use a characteristic a lot it will develop more
These characteristics are passed on to the next generation
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