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1568537
A2 Geography Ch.2 Water Conflicts (2.1)
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Mind Map on A2 Geography Ch.2 Water Conflicts (2.1), created by Hill Ring Venness on 11/02/2014.
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Hill Ring Venness
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Hill Ring Venness
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Resource summary
Water
Supplies
Rapid economic growth in India and China is putting enormous pressure on water supplies
India
Has 4% of the world's freshwater
16% of the world's population
Demand > supply by 2020
urban water demand is expected to double, and industrial demand to triple
43% of precipitation never reaches rivers/aquifers
21 million wells abstract water
Falling water tables
China
2/3 of the Chinese cities do not have enough water all year round
Has 8% of the world's freshwater
22% of the world's population
National water supplies reach stress level by 2030
uses irrigation to produce 70% of its food (mostly in north and northeast)
Yellow River and major aquifers are running dry
Huge engineering projects
transfer vital water to this area from water-rich Southern areas
Case Study 1
The water problems of the Beijing-Tianjin Region
Beijing (China's capital) may soon run out of water
The gap between water demand and supply widens every year
Wells dry up, groundwater and rivers polluted and ground subsidence worsens
Why happening?
Physical
Northeast China prone to floods and droughts
Most precipitation falls within between July and September, and more than half of it within 3 days
Several wet years can be followed by several dry years
Huge population of 16 million (second largest city after Shanghai
2.5% annual population growth
Due to government's efforts in restricting family size
But rural-urban migrants continue to arrive (similar as Tianjin)
Tianjin is the 3rd largest city
A major port with heavy industry, commerce and developing services
Human
Over-exploiting aquifers (60% of water draw from aquifers)
However water quality still acceptable
Increased demands for irrigation water due to a series of drought in late 1970s and early 1980s
lowered water tables in some areas
Wells are pumped down to bedrock
Tianjin relies on groundwater for 30% of its water supply
Salt water incursion makes water brackish
Surface water supply depends on the 5 major rivers entering the Hai He River system
Upstream (Beijing) withdrawals and contamination of there rivers have negative effect on downstream cities (Tianjin)
This means Beijing makes Tianjin's water problems worse by the scale of its abstractions and pollutions
Solutions
2500 km aqueduct has been built
1st phase of a scheme to divert water from the Three Gorges Dam to the Beijing-Tianjin Region
Projects to improve water quality and conserve water implemented
demand: 4.9 billion m3/year
Will continue to rise
Agriculture (65%)
Although the use of water-saving technologies means irrigation demands are levelling off
Industrial output x6 in the recent 20 years
Shift from heavy to high-tech industry
More water-efficient and recycle their waste
Water demand not risen as fast as the industries
Domestic (fastest rate of increase)
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