A2 Geography Ch.2 Water Conflicts (2.1)

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Mind Map on A2 Geography Ch.2 Water Conflicts (2.1), created by Hill Ring Venness on 11/02/2014.
Hill Ring Venness
Mind Map by Hill Ring Venness, updated more than 1 year ago
Hill Ring Venness
Created by Hill Ring Venness over 10 years ago
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Resource summary

Water
  1. Supplies
    1. Rapid economic growth in India and China is putting enormous pressure on water supplies
      1. India
        1. Has 4% of the world's freshwater
          1. 16% of the world's population
          2. Demand > supply by 2020
            1. urban water demand is expected to double, and industrial demand to triple
            2. 43% of precipitation never reaches rivers/aquifers
              1. 21 million wells abstract water
                1. Falling water tables
              2. China
                1. 2/3 of the Chinese cities do not have enough water all year round
                  1. Has 8% of the world's freshwater
                    1. 22% of the world's population
                    2. National water supplies reach stress level by 2030
                      1. uses irrigation to produce 70% of its food (mostly in north and northeast)
                        1. Yellow River and major aquifers are running dry
                          1. Huge engineering projects
                            1. transfer vital water to this area from water-rich Southern areas
                    3. Case Study 1
                      1. The water problems of the Beijing-Tianjin Region
                        1. Beijing (China's capital) may soon run out of water
                          1. The gap between water demand and supply widens every year
                            1. Wells dry up, groundwater and rivers polluted and ground subsidence worsens
                            2. Why happening?
                              1. Physical
                                1. Northeast China prone to floods and droughts
                                  1. Most precipitation falls within between July and September, and more than half of it within 3 days
                                    1. Several wet years can be followed by several dry years
                                      1. Huge population of 16 million (second largest city after Shanghai
                                        1. 2.5% annual population growth
                                          1. Due to government's efforts in restricting family size
                                            1. But rural-urban migrants continue to arrive (similar as Tianjin)
                                        2. Tianjin is the 3rd largest city
                                          1. A major port with heavy industry, commerce and developing services
                                        3. Human
                                          1. Over-exploiting aquifers (60% of water draw from aquifers)
                                            1. However water quality still acceptable
                                            2. Increased demands for irrigation water due to a series of drought in late 1970s and early 1980s
                                              1. lowered water tables in some areas
                                                1. Wells are pumped down to bedrock
                                              2. Tianjin relies on groundwater for 30% of its water supply
                                                1. Salt water incursion makes water brackish
                                            3. Surface water supply depends on the 5 major rivers entering the Hai He River system
                                              1. Upstream (Beijing) withdrawals and contamination of there rivers have negative effect on downstream cities (Tianjin)
                                                1. This means Beijing makes Tianjin's water problems worse by the scale of its abstractions and pollutions
                                              2. Solutions
                                                1. 2500 km aqueduct has been built
                                                  1. 1st phase of a scheme to divert water from the Three Gorges Dam to the Beijing-Tianjin Region
                                                  2. Projects to improve water quality and conserve water implemented
                                                  3. demand: 4.9 billion m3/year
                                                    1. Will continue to rise
                                                      1. Agriculture (65%)
                                                        1. Although the use of water-saving technologies means irrigation demands are levelling off
                                                        2. Industrial output x6 in the recent 20 years
                                                          1. Shift from heavy to high-tech industry
                                                            1. More water-efficient and recycle their waste
                                                              1. Water demand not risen as fast as the industries
                                                          2. Domestic (fastest rate of increase)
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