Snorkelling&Diving

Description

12 Marine (completed) Mind Map on Snorkelling&Diving, created by Keah on 10/09/2013.
Keah
Mind Map by Keah , updated more than 1 year ago
Keah
Created by Keah over 10 years ago
47
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Resource summary

Snorkelling&Diving
  1. Entry and exit techniques
    1. exit
      1. Generally via ladder
        1. weightbelt to buddy or help
          1. fins next
            1. ALWAYS keep mask on until out
      2. entry
        1. ladder
          1. mask on
            1. fins on in water
              1. signal 'OK' once in water
            2. Stride
              1. 'walking off a plank'
                1. all equiptment on (snorkel)
                  1. right hand on weightbelt
                    1. also holding computer down
                    2. left hand holding mask on
                2. Pre-dive saftey check
                  1. mask and fins
                    1. air turned on (back 1/4)
                      1. right hand release
                        1. correct wetsuit
                          1. deflate/inflate working
                            1. correct weights
                              1. safety items (safety sausage etc)
                                1. hand signals
                                  1. dive time/depth
                                    1. any dangers
                                      1. dive site - navigation
                                      2. Snorkel breathing
                                        1. consequences
                                          1. shallow water blackout
                                          2. Breath normally
                                            1. Do not hyperventalate
                                            2. Descending&ascending technique
                                              1. duck diving
                                                1. take deep breath (only 1)
                                                  1. bend at the wast and kick legs. Allow weight of legs to provide momentum
                                                    1. Begin equalisation immediately
                                                      1. Swim horizontally parrallel to the floor
                                                2. ascend
                                                  1. look up and point
                                                    1. turn in a slow 360 degree movement
                                                3. snorkel clearing
                                                  1. Blasting method
                                                    1. breath quick and blow air out
                                                      1. on surface
                                                    2. Displacement Method
                                                      1. tilt head back (snorkel face the bottom)
                                                        1. at surface air will displace water
                                                          1. The rest can be blown out
                                                    3. equlisation
                                                      1. Enables the pressure to be even on both sides of the ear drum
                                                        1. Relieves discomfort and prevents ear squeeze
                                                          1. do not wait until pain occurs
                                                            1. Valsalva Manoeuvre
                                                              1. attempted exhalation against the closed nose and mouth
                                                              2. tilt head back (opens Eustacian tube)
                                                                1. swallow
                                                                  1. wriggle jaw
                                                                  2. care&maintenance of equiptment
                                                                    1. wash in FRESH water after
                                                                      1. store in dry area
                                                                        1. dont store in box or sealed
                                                                          1. will cause mold to grow
                                                                        2. cameras
                                                                          1. Before
                                                                            1. re-lube and seal
                                                                              1. place in box of freshwater - ensure no bubbles
                                                                                1. pass into water seperately -dont jump with it
                                                                            2. after
                                                                              1. No temperature diffs
                                                                                1. let soak in water over night
                                                                                  1. Dry before take apart
                                                                              2. Buddy responsibilities
                                                                                1. always stick together
                                                                                  1. pre dive buddy check
                                                                                    1. AKA pre dive saftey check
                                                                                    2. ensure saftey of buddy
                                                                                    3. Heat loss
                                                                                      1. How to prevent
                                                                                        1. wear wetsuit
                                                                                          1. dry suit?
                                                                                        2. occurs 4x faster underwater
                                                                                          1. issues
                                                                                            1. hypothermia
                                                                                              1. uncomfortable dive
                                                                                            2. underwater vision
                                                                                              1. anatomy
                                                                                                1. function

                                                                                                  Annotations:

                                                                                                  • Light enters the eye through the cornea which with the lends focuses the image on the retina where it is then transferred to the brain via the optic nerve.
                                                                                                  1. Cornea
                                                                                                    1. focus takes place
                                                                                                    2. Iris
                                                                                                      1. adjusts amount of light that enters
                                                                                                      2. Pupil
                                                                                                        1. size changes when iris relaxes or tenses
                                                                                                        2. Lens
                                                                                                          1. Secondary mechanism to focus after cornea
                                                                                                            1. adjusts amount focus the light image requires
                                                                                                            2. Vitreous
                                                                                                              1. maintain eye shape
                                                                                                                1. clear pathway for light b/w lens to retina
                                                                                                                2. Optic Nerve
                                                                                                                  1. signals produced by retina travel to brain
                                                                                                                  2. Light
                                                                                                                    1. water slows peed at which light travels
                                                                                                                      1. change in speed causes light rays to bend
                                                                                                                        1. Refraction through diving mask
                                                                                                                          1. affects close vision
                                                                                                                            1. Therefore hand eye coordinations
                                                                                                                          2. How does dive mask help?
                                                                                                                            1. Places a pocket of air b/w water&eyes.
                                                                                                                              1. Light rays are refracted twice
                                                                                                                                1. Clearer image focused on retina
                                                                                                                                  1. may now appear 25% larger
                                                                                                                            2. Color
                                                                                                                              1. Red first blue last

                                                                                                                                Annotations:

                                                                                                                                • This is due to water absorbing light according to its wavelength
                                                                                                                          3. Underwater Hearing
                                                                                                                            1. anatomy
                                                                                                                              1. Pinna
                                                                                                                                1. External.
                                                                                                                                  1. Collects/funnels sound&route to canal
                                                                                                                                    1. issue- sunburn
                                                                                                                                    2. Ear Drum
                                                                                                                                      1. Tympanic membrane
                                                                                                                                        1. converts/transfers vibrations to energy
                                                                                                                                          1. across ear canal
                                                                                                                                            1. issues- burst under pressure
                                                                                                                                              1. equalise effectively
                                                                                                                                            2. Ear Ossicles
                                                                                                                                              1. 3 small bones
                                                                                                                                                1. hammar
                                                                                                                                                  1. anvil
                                                                                                                                                    1. Stirrip
                                                                                                                                                    2. middle
                                                                                                                                                      1. help boost vibrations from ear drum
                                                                                                                                                      2. Oval Window
                                                                                                                                                        1. Links ossicles to cochlea
                                                                                                                                                          1. pick up vibrations from ossicles to cochlea fluid
                                                                                                                                                          2. Round window
                                                                                                                                                            1. Seperates the middle ear and coclea
                                                                                                                                                              1. Helps balance out pressure within cochlea
                                                                                                                                                              2. Cochlea
                                                                                                                                                                1. fluid chamber
                                                                                                                                                                  1. changes vibrations into electromagnetic impulses
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Organ of Corti
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Transfer of vibrations to electromagnetic impulse from tiny hair cells
                                                                                                                                                                    2. auditory nerve
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Transfers impulses to the brain
                                                                                                                                                                    3. Eustachian Tube
                                                                                                                                                                      1. used for equalisation
                                                                                                                                                                        1. drains muscus from the middle ear
                                                                                                                                                                          1. various methods of ear clearing
                                                                                                                                                                            1. yawning
                                                                                                                                                                              1. swallowing
                                                                                                                                                                                1. intentionally open the tube and equalise pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Pressure difference can cause
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. temporary hearing loss
                                                                                                                                                                                3. sound travels 25x faster underweater
                                                                                                                                                                                4. Buoyancy
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. positive
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. not enough weights
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. to combat - add weights
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. and deflate BCD
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. above water
                                                                                                                                                                                        3. Negative
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. too much weight
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. sinking
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. inflate BCD
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. add weights
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. neutral
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. weight = upthrust
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. pefect for snorkelling or diving
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. U=W1-W2

                                                                                                                                                                                                    Annotations:

                                                                                                                                                                                                    • If W1is hte initial weight of an object and W2 is the weight of that object when placed in water then the loss in weight is given by this equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Wetsuits

                                                                                                                                                                                                      Annotations:

                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Increase volume, increase buoynacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Weightbelt

                                                                                                                                                                                                        Annotations:

                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Small volume, lots of weight
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Depth of dive

                                                                                                                                                                                                          Annotations:

                                                                                                                                                                                                          • decrease volume (of lungs) due to the atomospheric pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Plismol line
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. L-R stands for Lloyds Register
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Boyles law
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. as pressure increases. the volume of air occupies, also decreases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. P1 V1=P2 V2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. p= pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. v = volume
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Pressures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. /by 10 + 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Barotraumas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. ear squeeze
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. swelling of the middle ear

                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Annotations:

                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • feeling of fullness Sounds appear "muffled" Blood - small amounts coming from the mouth and nose.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. ear ruptures

                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Annotations:

                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • sudden relief of pain diziness and vertigo nausea and vomiting momentary unconsciencessness 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Round window ruptures

                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Annotations:

                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Vertigo nausea ringing in the ears (tinnitis)  loss of hearing 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. equalise
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. ascend if pain is present
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. dont dive when congested
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. control descentg
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. mask squeeze
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. quick descent without exhalation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. ambient pressure increases, the negative pressure becomes greater in the mask.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. causes tissues of face under mask to swell
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. have a mask that fits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. exhale into mask on descent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. never use goggles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. treatment - remove mask
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3. Sinus squeeze
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. congestion, sinus and nasal inflammation or growths in nasal passage may prevent the exchange of air between the nose and the sinus'
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. signs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. pressure progresses into pain
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. headache
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. bloody nose & blood in mucus and spit
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. equalise
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. abort dive if cant equalise
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. dont dive congested
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Archimedes Principle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. A body immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the displaced fluid.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. density =mass/volume
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. mass = density x volume
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. volume = density x mass
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