Bilingual programs

Annotations:

• The bilingual programms shown are organized according to their approach as monoglossic, heteroglossic, concurrent and translanguaging.

1. MONOGLOSSIC
   1. Subtractive
      1. Submersion
         1. There is no support in L1. Children achieve proficiency in L2.
            1. L1 tends to dissapear.
      2. Transitional
         1. Children use L1 in early years while learning L2. The aim is monolingualism in L2.
   2. Additive
      1. Maintenance
         1. Preserve minority language while learning L2.
      2. Prestigious
         1. Students learn a second language considered a symbol of prestige. The learning process is not related to the cultural context.
      3. Immersion
         1. Students make the decision of learning a foreign language (minority language). They learn the content through L2 and the teacher doesn't speak in students' L1.
2. HETEROGLOSSIC
   1. Recursive
      1. Immersion revitalization
         1. The aim is to protect a minority language.
            1. Examples: Maori in New Zeland Spanish in USA Hebrew in Jewish communities
            2. Support in minority language L1.
      2. Developmental
         1. One-way developmental bilingual education programs (DBE). Children receive instruction in L1 which is the minority language.
   2. Dynamic
      1. Two - way immersion
         1. Dual language programms. Both languages could be L1 and L2. in a multilingual society in which it is found linguistic heterogeneity.
            1. Content in target language or languages.
      2. CLIL
         1. Language as a medium for learning content and improve communication skills and cognition processes. The aim is to develop multilingualism and plurilingualism
      3. TRANSLANGUAGING
         1. Languages are interconnected. Speakers use the languages according to their communication needs.
3. CONCURRENT
   1. Use of code - switching as a learning tool. It is allowed the use of both languages L1 and L2 during the lesson.
      1. The use of L1 or L2 during a lesson is not penalized. Multiples languages in the same classroom.