Travel & Tourism- Marie

TALC
1. 1. Exploration
  1. small number of visitors arrive seeking unspoiled destinations
  2. creating few neg impacts
  3. attitudes of locals are positive towards tourism
  4. facilities are not geared towards tourists
  5. e.g. Canadian Arctic, Alaska
2. 2. Involvement
  1. locals begin to provide resources (facilities, people, events) for tourists
  2. tourist numbers increase as destination becomes known as unspoilt spot
  3. locals have positive attitudes towards tourism
  4. e.g. Antarctica, Samoa (less developed Pacific Island), Sunny Beach 1980's
3. 3. Development
  1. tourists increasing because of natural & cultural attractions & more human made facilities provided
  2. Development of tourism facilities by business people & tourism facilities
  3. Can take form of outside investment & large hotels dominate the skyline, supporting the tourism infrastructure in place
  4. Advertisement of destination to individual traveller & to mass market tourists
  5. e.g. North Queensland, Australia, Mexico, Benidorm 1970's
4. 4. Consolidation
  1. local economy begins to rely heavily on tourism
  2. growth in facillities
  3. attracts more organised package tours
  4. strain on environment grows
  5. tourism developments infrastructure starts to show signs of aging & not coping with number of visitors
  6. e.g. Sunny Beach 1990's, Costa Del Sol/Benidorm 1980's, Fiiji, Butlins 1980/90
5. 5. Stagnation
  1. reached in mature destinations & peak number of visitors reached
  2. quality of tourist facility
  3. ovbious environmental impacts
  4. destination is no longer fashionable, lots of people go elsewhere
  5. locals angered by this
  6. destination still has tourists but figures stay same
  7. e.g. benidorm 1990's, Sunny Beach 2020
6. 6. Decline
  1. figures decline
  2. economy & environment suffer in area
  3. poor image of destination fails to attract tourists back
  4. e.g. costa del sol, blackpool 1990's, all uk sea resorts
7. 7. Rejuvenation
  1. reimaging & regeneration of area
  2. new focus for tourism
  3. new attractions
  4. e.g. costs del sol, Benidorm early 2000's , brighton, avimore, blackpool, redcar, butlins
  5. tourist numbers begin to increase
Agents of development
1. Public sector
  1. central gov
    1. grants for specific projects
    2. sspread benefits of tourism across country
    3. infrastructure
  2. DCMS
    1. responsible for tourism development
    2. responsible for tourism policy
    3. responsible for arts, musuems, heritage
  3. local authority
    1. responsible on a local level
    2. infrastructure
    3. planning control
    4. grants
    5. planning permission
  4. tourist boards
    1. encourage development of tourism
    2. market tourism
  5. local enterprise partnerships
    1. increase wealth of an area
    2. aid regeneration
2. Private sector
  1. landowners
    1. either develop land themselves or sell it to developers
    2. laws & regulations in place to restrict land use- minimise conflict
  2. consultancies
    1. give specialist advice
  3. facility providers
    1. includes a mass of companies
3. voluntary sector
  1. community groups
    1. aim of influencing specific issues
  2. pressure groups
    1. organised groups wanting to minimise effect of development e.g. toursim concern, national trust
Objectives of tourism development
1. economic objectives
  1. employment creation
  2. increased foreign currency earnings
  3. leakage
  4. increased earnings for commercial operators
  5. economic development & regeneration
2. environmental objectives
  1. preservation of wildlife
  2. environmental education
  3. environmental improvements
3. socio-cultural objectives
  1. improvements to quality of life
  2. promoting understanding
  3. staged authenticity
4. political objectives
  1. image enhancement
  2. creation of local and national identity
Types of tourism
1. ecotourism
  1. travelling to undisturbed natural areas. Combines enjoyment with studying the wildlife & natural environment.
2. ethical tourism
  1. tourism that promotes acceptable standards of behaviour for tourists. A consideration for the people & environment in destinations.
3. fair-trade tourism
  1. tourism that sees the local community in partnership with developers planning, controlling & expanding tourism developments = benefit for local community
4. green tourism
  1. a form of alternative tourism generally related to rural tourism or nature tourism (ecotourism)
5. responsible tourism
  1. developers consider & work in partnership with local communities. Aim to minimise negative impacts. Respectful of local community & culture.
6. sustainable tourism
  1. development which conserves the quality of the environment, enhances the lives of the community, sustains economic activity & maintains the visitors experience
7. niche tourism
  1. tourism which appeals to a very specific market e.g. golf tourism & painting holidays
principles of responsible tourism
1. minimise negative economic, environmental and social-cultural impacts
  1. plan how to control visitor numbers
  2. give locals jobs
  3. park & ride
  4. carry out environmental audit
  5. involve locals in all decisions
2. create economic benefits for the local people & improve their quality of life
  1. give locals jobs
  2. a rule to employ a % of locals
  3. provide training for locals for higher skilled jobs
  4. improve local infrastructure
3. promotes the conservation of natural & cultural heritage
  1. give grants to organisations for building conservations
  2. create national parks / wildlife reserves
  3. allow access to historical buildings to develop learning opportunities
4. promotes respect between tourists & local people
  1. educate tourists about local culture
  2. employ locals as tour guides to create interaction between the locals & tourists so that tourists appreciate the culture.

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Travel & Tourism- Marie

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