Addiction and Recovery

ADDICTION is ELUSIVE, secular process how we define it shapes the notion of an 'addict'. Drugs DISCOURSE= risk and fear. Drugs affect how we think, feel, behaviour= 'psychoactive properties'.
1. DEFINITON...OXFORD DIC. 'persistent, compulsive dependence on a behaviour or substance'. EMCCDA 'repeated powerful motivation to engage in a purposeful behaviour that has no survival and has potential for unintended harm.
BIOMEDICAL MODEL, metabolic disease, motivated by finding and using substances neural pathways of executive functioning become disordered and the motivational process amplified by ingesting the substance.
1. 'Addiction-by-disease', patient, little no control, DSM 'dependence.
2. KOTATA 2002 stimulate dopamine neurons. Simliar to sex, gambling neurons?
3. COURTWRIGHT 2010 model less inattentive to individual values and social context to understanding addiction. NELSTER 'Hijacking' the brain reward circuits is metaphorical than explanatory. DAVIS 1992 Diminish responsibility of deviant acts. Reduce to specific organ, gene.
SOCIOLOGICAL MODEL. ROOM 2004 set of ideas which has a history and cultural location.Social learning theory= lexicon of drug discourse by judges, therapist, tach to re-interept their life and behaviours in terms of addiction as a disease.
1. linked to social setting- VIETNAM. soldiers chew heroin out of boredom + stimulation. 20% addicted but noreturn 95% stopped,few entered rehab. HEMMINSON 2010 anthropology of experiences, how it 'feels' to be dependent. women took for escape, made to write a book.
2. BEFORE moral failing, 'war on drugs' hook on drugs capture people.AULD ET AL 1984 addicted to lifestyle. 180's chemical generation
3. NOW shift from symbolic of deviance to interrogated part of youth culture in a recreational use. CHOPRA person in quest of pleasure. KARP 2006 add another layer searching yourself. PERSON 1987 working class extreme difficulties t o 'fashion meaningful idenities'
TYPOLOGIES wc,unemployed, ethnic background, low social status, criminal activity.
1. Rational actors. BEAN 2002 high cost of addiction=crime unavoidable. LEVENSON 2004 gain access to treatment otherwise not acceptable. GOLDSTIEN 2000 consider underlying causes (political,social, ecumenic factors) shapes 'recovery'. MEASHAM ET AL 2001 take drugs ='risk takers' engage with behaviours that have unpredictable consequence.
RECOVERY= multifaceted, loose fluid concept. BETTY FORD INSTITUTE 'voluntarily maintain lifestyle characterised by sobriety, personal health and citizenship. UK vision of what recovery means=re-emergence of recovery.
1. COALITION STRATEGY 2010 'recovery is an individual person centred journey as opposed to an end state, mean different things to different people.
2. SCOTTISH govt 2015 move-on from problem drug use towards drug free life, become contributing member of society.
3. WELSH 'working together to reduce harm.
4. Not realistic prospect for some.
5. 'recovery capital' CLOUD AND GREENFIELD 1996 4 components of the model= social, physical, psychological and human capital. 12 step program, 160 crime reduction initiatives drug service across the country. change lifestyle from active addict to life of recovery. CAMERON 2010 'whole system approach', 'second chance society'. SLADE 2009 clients choice, own empowerment.
6. TREATMENT- not address patient needs or wants. MCKEGANEY 2004 wants from recovery service: 7% achieve stability, 56% abstinence and 40% no goal. 190,000 engaged in 2010/11 ineffective.
  1. In treatment = 40years +, 9 out of 10 have mental health issue= dual diagnosis
  2. MARTIN 2005 majority of knowledge about risks/services are inadequate misunderstood. 79 LEA = 28% reported no specialist drug ed in school since april 2011
ARGUEMENTS
1. ABUSE OF PRESCRIBED DRUGS: 2008 USA rose 33%, 1 million Brits over counter drugs. 53% Teens get painkiller from friends/family, 23% directly from doctor
  1. SCOTTISH methadone program 2015 FEB 'out of control', 1/2 million doses dispensed in 2014, little evidence people abstaining. Recommend: 2yr assessment 'highly addictive' users, expensive suboxone or enter drug-free residential home.
  2. HUFFINGTON POST survey= 40% synthetic drugs dangerous for recovery. 24% thought helped, 1/3 unsure.
    1. Diabetess deficiency same as heroin addicts having opiate defincieny?
2. Medicated assistence: methadone subsitute in order to reduce consumption. 50/50 % recovery, 40-60% treated relapsed. NEALE 2014 recovery not equivlant in the eyes of those attempting.

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Addiction and Recovery

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	Created by millsv almost 11 years ago