3057508
Description
Mind Map by Israel Cosman, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Israel Cosman
almost 9 years ago
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Individual
Development
- Factors & Influences on
Decisions and Outcomes
- Agents of
Socialization
- Education
- As children enter the education system, they encounter
school-related sources of role expectations. Course
selections, and later occupation choices, are influenced by
gender role expectations. School subjects themselves are
attributed with gender expectations: boys are expected to
perform better than girls at math and science, while girls are
expected to excel in art and language-based classes. Gender
expectations have traditionally existed even within more
neutral subjects. In band, some musical instruments are
considered more “appropriate” for one gender than another.
For example, the flute is often perceived as a “girl’s
instrument” while a tuba might be more “suitable” for a boy.
- As children enter the education system, they encounter
school-related sources of role expectations. Course
selections, and later occupation choices, are influenced by
gender role expectations. School subjects themselves are
attributed with gender expectations: boys are expected to
perform better than girls at math and science, while girls are
expected to excel in art and language-based classes. Gender
expectations have traditionally existed even within more
neutral subjects. In band, some musical instruments are
considered more “appropriate” for one gender than another.
For example, the flute is often perceived as a “girl’s
instrument” while a tuba might be more “suitable” for a boy.
- Family
- Individuals first begin to acquire their
roles based on social expectations as
soon as their gender is known. In spite
of the fact that most newborns show
little behavioural differences related to
gender, they are given gender-specific
treatment, and attributed with gender
specific characteristics.
- Parents model gender roles for their
children, both consciously and
subconsciously. While there is an increasing
awareness of issues related to stereotyping
and equality, male and female children are
still treated differently: sex-typed clothing,
toys, games, and types of interactions are all
geared to the child’s gender, reinforcing the
role expectations.
- From an early age, boys and girls are given
“appropriate” household chores, training them for
specific adult skills and gender-specific roles. Taking
out the garbage and mowing the lawn are considered
“appropriate” chores for boys, while girls are expected
to help in the kitchen. This creates an implied
understanding that some types of work are gender
specific and part of the male or female role.
- Individuals first begin to acquire their
roles based on social expectations as
soon as their gender is known. In spite
of the fact that most newborns show
little behavioural differences related to
gender, they are given gender-specific
treatment, and attributed with gender
specific characteristics.
- Peers
- n North America, children separate into
gender-specific peer groups, which contain their
own norms and values, in middle childhood.
-Boys’ groups tend to be more competitive and
physical -Girls tend to interact verbally, more
cooperatively, and on an emotional level
- According to Erik Erikson’s theory, this period of
adolescence solidifies role expectations as a way of
establishing a sense of self-identity. Culture and ethnicity
also impact individual role development: African-American
girls are less likely to be affected by self-esteem issues, but
the violence and suicide rates is higher for boys than girls
in North America, where there are fewer
socially-acceptable options for male self-expression .
- n North America, children separate into
gender-specific peer groups, which contain their
own norms and values, in middle childhood.
-Boys’ groups tend to be more competitive and
physical -Girls tend to interact verbally, more
cooperatively, and on an emotional level
- Media
- Popular media typically portrays gender stereotypes
and traditional roles that are no longer appropriate in
the 21st century. However, these stereotyped messages
are still influencing individual role expectations, largely
due to the sheer amount of media people are exposed to
at all stages of development. In all media, women are
more often portrayed in subordinate roles, while men
are shown in leadership positions. When men and
women are shown in non-traditional roles they are often
portrayed as incompetent, for a humourous effect. For
social learning theorists, media is a powerful teaching
tool.
- Popular media typically portrays gender stereotypes
and traditional roles that are no longer appropriate in
the 21st century. However, these stereotyped messages
are still influencing individual role expectations, largely
due to the sheer amount of media people are exposed to
at all stages of development. In all media, women are
more often portrayed in subordinate roles, while men
are shown in leadership positions. When men and
women are shown in non-traditional roles they are often
portrayed as incompetent, for a humourous effect. For
social learning theorists, media is a powerful teaching
tool.
- Education
- Non-Traditional
Gender Roles
- Children who are raised with
non-traditional gender role expectations
benefit in several ways. Non-traditional
homes may involve the presence or
absence of various parental figures, who
may be engaged in atypical roles or
occupations.
- Children who are raised with
non-traditional gender role expectations
benefit in several ways. Non-traditional
homes may involve the presence or
absence of various parental figures, who
may be engaged in atypical roles or
occupations.
- Agents of
Socialization
- Individual Role
Expectations &
Conflicts
- Roles
- Partner
- Expected to
be empathetic,
comationate,
loyal, and
supportive
- Expected to
be empathetic,
comationate,
loyal, and
supportive
- Employee
- Expected to be
hardworking and benefit
their employer
- Expected to be
hardworking and benefit
their employer
- Friend
- Expected to be
supportive and like
others
- Expected to be
supportive and like
others
- Student
- Expected to perform
well, and listen in
class.
- Expected to perform
well, and listen in
class.
- Child
- Expected to do
chores, listen, and
do as they are told
- Expected to do
chores, listen, and
do as they are told
- Partner
- Conflicts
- Role conflict can occur
when the expectations of
an individual in his or her
primary group interfere
with those of his or her
secondary groups.
- A student may suffer from role conflict when her
part-time job at a restaurant requires her to work
long, late hours that interfere with her
schoolwork and family responsibilities. Primary
groups provide a great deal of support, but also
pressure to conform. Involvement in secondary
groups, such as those related to work, may be
necessary or desirable, even when they exclude
the role of the primary group. A single mother
may need to work extra hours in order to pay the
bills, requiring her to spend less time caring for
them. A young man, hoping to earn a promotion,
may need to spend more time at his office and
less time with his little brother.
- Role conflict can occur
when the expectations of
an individual in his or her
primary group interfere
with those of his or her
secondary groups.
- Roles
- Social Science
Perspectives
- Anthropology
- Anthropology is the study of all human
cultures from a holistic approach and how
each culture contributes to the make-up of
humanity. Essentially, it is the science of
people, which includes the study of human
beings in relation to origin, classification,
distribution, and relationship of races,
physical character, and culture.
- Anthropology is the study of all human
cultures from a holistic approach and how
each culture contributes to the make-up of
humanity. Essentially, it is the science of
people, which includes the study of human
beings in relation to origin, classification,
distribution, and relationship of races,
physical character, and culture.
- Sociology
- Sociology studies the actions of members within a
specific society. A sociologist examines the way in which
people organize themselves within groups, institutions,
and associations. Social research can be used to inform
policy, or to facilitate in the engineering of social
change. Sociology is the definition for a large range of
individuals researching a broad variety of topics. An
effective way to describe sociology is to say that it
encompasses a cluster of sub-fields that examine
different dimensions of society.
- Sociology studies the actions of members within a
specific society. A sociologist examines the way in which
people organize themselves within groups, institutions,
and associations. Social research can be used to inform
policy, or to facilitate in the engineering of social
change. Sociology is the definition for a large range of
individuals researching a broad variety of topics. An
effective way to describe sociology is to say that it
encompasses a cluster of sub-fields that examine
different dimensions of society.
- Psychology
- Psychology is the study of human behaviour. It seeks
to answer the question “why?” Scientifically
examining specific actions, responses, and the
factors that dictate how an individual reacts under a
specific set of conditions, provides insight to how an
individual can affect society. The behaviour of an
individual has an impact on the greater society that
surrounds her.
- Psychology is the study of human behaviour. It seeks
to answer the question “why?” Scientifically
examining specific actions, responses, and the
factors that dictate how an individual reacts under a
specific set of conditions, provides insight to how an
individual can affect society. The behaviour of an
individual has an impact on the greater society that
surrounds her.
- Anthropology
- Social Science
Theoretical Approach
- Anthropology
- Functionalism (Robert K. Merton)
- Functionalism is a method for understanding how social institutions fill social
needs. Every custom or practice in society provides a form of stability for the
entire system. This seems like a grand theory but social institutions provide for
the physical and psychological needs for its society members. Having
established laws, customs, and agreed-upon practices provides a sense of
predictability and stability within a society. In order to understand a society,
researchers must understand the function of social institutions and their
respective contributions to the stability of their society. An anthropologist
looks to explain the practices, not judge them on their validity.
- Functionalism is a method for understanding how social institutions fill social
needs. Every custom or practice in society provides a form of stability for the
entire system. This seems like a grand theory but social institutions provide for
the physical and psychological needs for its society members. Having
established laws, customs, and agreed-upon practices provides a sense of
predictability and stability within a society. In order to understand a society,
researchers must understand the function of social institutions and their
respective contributions to the stability of their society. An anthropologist
looks to explain the practices, not judge them on their validity.
- Structuralism
(Claude Levi-Strauss,
Mary Douglas)
- As social beings we like the idea of
predictability and familiarity. How do we
foster a social idea, and reinforce it in a
society to make it a norm?
Reinforcement of a norm or a value
increases the acceptance of the practice
within a given society. The existence of a
societal value is explained if it fulfills a
function.
- As social beings we like the idea of
predictability and familiarity. How do we
foster a social idea, and reinforce it in a
society to make it a norm?
Reinforcement of a norm or a value
increases the acceptance of the practice
within a given society. The existence of a
societal value is explained if it fulfills a
function.
- Cultural Materialism
(Carlo Ember, Stephen
Sanderson, Marvin
Harris)
- Human existence is a response to the diverse
and complex problems that exist in society.
That is, human reproductions (procreation)
and production (of goods and services) are
intertwined with elements in our
environment.
- Human existence is a response to the diverse
and complex problems that exist in society.
That is, human reproductions (procreation)
and production (of goods and services) are
intertwined with elements in our
environment.
- Functionalism (Robert K. Merton)
- Sociology
- Karl Marx
(Marxism) -
Conflict Theory
- The division of social class marks the place for
conflict in Marx’s theory. Owning the means of
production elevates a person’s class status while all
other workers are forced to find a way to make
money using their skills. Marx’s Labour Theory of
Value states that human productive power will be
exploited in order to maximize profits for the
bourgeois. Exploitation of the workers’ (the
proletariat) skills produces goods valued at more than
the workers are being paid. This process reinforces
that profit is made by a company, ultimately making
the rich richer. This illustrates that money and
economics are driving forces in our society.
Understanding the enormous influence money has on
our society is the key to understanding how any given
society is organized.
- The division of social class marks the place for
conflict in Marx’s theory. Owning the means of
production elevates a person’s class status while all
other workers are forced to find a way to make
money using their skills. Marx’s Labour Theory of
Value states that human productive power will be
exploited in order to maximize profits for the
bourgeois. Exploitation of the workers’ (the
proletariat) skills produces goods valued at more than
the workers are being paid. This process reinforces
that profit is made by a company, ultimately making
the rich richer. This illustrates that money and
economics are driving forces in our society.
Understanding the enormous influence money has on
our society is the key to understanding how any given
society is organized.
- Talcott Parsons
(Structural
Functionalism)
- Talcott Parsons, a structural functionalist,
believed that society will create structures within
itself that will assist with its fundamental
functioning requirements. That is, our society will
work to achieve a homeostasis where equilibrium
will be maintained by its interdependent social
structures (parts).
- Talcott Parsons, a structural functionalist,
believed that society will create structures within
itself that will assist with its fundamental
functioning requirements. That is, our society will
work to achieve a homeostasis where equilibrium
will be maintained by its interdependent social
structures (parts).
- Feminism
- Socialist Feminists look at the overthrow of
the capitalist system of economics and
believe that this system is the root of the
problem between male and female power
struggles.
- Socialist Feminists look at the overthrow of
the capitalist system of economics and
believe that this system is the root of the
problem between male and female power
struggles.
- Karl Marx
(Marxism) -
Conflict Theory
- Psychology
- Psychologists explain individual development as a result of how people think, feel, and behave. To
psychologists, people’s feelings and emotions are important influences on their growth. Learning
theorists, like B.F. Skinner and Albert Bandura, explain behaviour with an emphasis on learning,
rather than biological influences. - Rewards and punishments determine which behaviours will be
repeated. Developmental and evolutionary psychologists emphasize the importance of heredity on
determining physical, emotional, and intellectual characteristics, as well as predispositions towards
certain behaviours. However, psychologists also acknowledge the influence of both positive and
negative environmental factors, such as nutrition, stress, attachment, and parenting styles. In
particular, Diana Baumrind has studied the effect of parenting on children.
- Psychologists explain individual development as a result of how people think, feel, and behave. To
psychologists, people’s feelings and emotions are important influences on their growth. Learning
theorists, like B.F. Skinner and Albert Bandura, explain behaviour with an emphasis on learning,
rather than biological influences. - Rewards and punishments determine which behaviours will be
repeated. Developmental and evolutionary psychologists emphasize the importance of heredity on
determining physical, emotional, and intellectual characteristics, as well as predispositions towards
certain behaviours. However, psychologists also acknowledge the influence of both positive and
negative environmental factors, such as nutrition, stress, attachment, and parenting styles. In
particular, Diana Baumrind has studied the effect of parenting on children.
- Anthropology
- Developmental
Theories
- Maslow
- individual development as the
process through a hierarchy. He
suggested that each person, while
unique, shares the same
requirements for successful
development over a lifetime. His
theory is usually shown in a pyramid,
with the most basic needs for survival
and safety at the bottom and
progressing to the more abstract
need for fulfillment. People are
motivated to strive toward each new
level in pursuit of self-actualization.
- individual development as the
process through a hierarchy. He
suggested that each person, while
unique, shares the same
requirements for successful
development over a lifetime. His
theory is usually shown in a pyramid,
with the most basic needs for survival
and safety at the bottom and
progressing to the more abstract
need for fulfillment. People are
motivated to strive toward each new
level in pursuit of self-actualization.
- Erikson
- Human behaviour can also be understood
through the experiences a person encounters
during his development. Behaviours and decisions
made later in life may be affected by a person’s
ability to successfully navigate psychological
dilemmas during the development stages in a
person’s life. Erikson believes that at certain
stages in an individual’s life there are tasks
(milestones) that must be met in order to have a
healthy development. Unlike Freud, Erikson
believed that a person may pass through a stage
and not get “stuck” at a certain level of
psychological development.
- Human behaviour can also be understood
through the experiences a person encounters
during his development. Behaviours and decisions
made later in life may be affected by a person’s
ability to successfully navigate psychological
dilemmas during the development stages in a
person’s life. Erikson believes that at certain
stages in an individual’s life there are tasks
(milestones) that must be met in order to have a
healthy development. Unlike Freud, Erikson
believed that a person may pass through a stage
and not get “stuck” at a certain level of
psychological development.
- Mead
- Theory of social
self, self emerges
from social
interactions. The
self is not there
from birth, but
develops over time
from social
experiences and
activities.
- Theory of social
self, self emerges
from social
interactions. The
self is not there
from birth, but
develops over time
from social
experiences and
activities.
- Freud
- Freud described the mind as having three areas: the conscious mind, the pre- conscious
mind and the unconscious mind. Each person’s personality is motivated by drives. He
labelled these drives the Id, which is part of the unconscious mind and continuously seeks
pleasure without considering consequences; the Superego, whose desire is to be socially
conscious of all decisions and actions that a person makes; and the Ego, the mediator
between the Id and Superego. The constant struggle between the Id and Superego must be
kept in balance because if the Id becomes too strong a person will not worry about social
responsibilities and will participate in activities with little forethought for the potential
dangers or social rules being broken. If the Superego is too strong, a person’s personality
becomes too uptight and worried about following social expectations and rules. Significant
imbalance, either way, is not healthy for the development of an individual.
- Freud views human development as progressing through stages
of development where the main conflict deals with an erogenous
zone of the body. He theorizes that to progress to the next stage
of development it is necessary to properly pass through the
current stage. Human development is best understood in terms
of changing focuses of sexual desire. These desires are
suppressed to the unconscious where they may be preserved.
Psychological conflicts arise when the desires want to manifest
themselves in overt behaviour(s). Unconscious conflicts are the
source of neuroses, which can be treated through therapy and
talking sessions.
- Freud described the mind as having three areas: the conscious mind, the pre- conscious
mind and the unconscious mind. Each person’s personality is motivated by drives. He
labelled these drives the Id, which is part of the unconscious mind and continuously seeks
pleasure without considering consequences; the Superego, whose desire is to be socially
conscious of all decisions and actions that a person makes; and the Ego, the mediator
between the Id and Superego. The constant struggle between the Id and Superego must be
kept in balance because if the Id becomes too strong a person will not worry about social
responsibilities and will participate in activities with little forethought for the potential
dangers or social rules being broken. If the Superego is too strong, a person’s personality
becomes too uptight and worried about following social expectations and rules. Significant
imbalance, either way, is not healthy for the development of an individual.
- Cooley
- Looking glass, theory.
Stated that a persons
social interactions
makes ones self grow
- Looking glass, theory.
Stated that a persons
social interactions
makes ones self grow
- Vygotsky
- Infants are born with the
basic abilities for
intellectual development,
children learn more
important learning from
social interaction
- Infants are born with the
basic abilities for
intellectual development,
children learn more
important learning from
social interaction
- Maslow
- Education,
Occupation, and
Lifestyle Choices
- Education
System
- The rules and
guidelines within an
education institution
which help develop an
individual in order to
survive in the worlds
sociery.
- The rules and
guidelines within an
education institution
which help develop an
individual in order to
survive in the worlds
sociery.
- Feminism
- The motion of equality amongst all
genders. The goal to create equal
opportunities of survival between
everyone.
- The motion of equality
amongst all genders. The
goal to create equal
opportunities of survival
between everyone.
- The motion of equality amongst all
genders. The goal to create equal
opportunities of survival between
everyone.
- Individual
Role
Expectations
- Nurture
- The development of an
individual, due to the
influence of society and
environmental surroundings
- The development of an
individual, due to the
influence of society and
environmental surroundings
- Nature
- The
development of
an individual,
due to their
genetic material
and biological
characteristics.
- The
development of
an individual,
due to their
genetic material
and biological
characteristics.
- Nurture
- Education
System
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