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Major Theories of Personality

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Five theories: Biological, Trait, Social Cognition, Humanistic, Psychodynamic
Trygve Heide
Mind Map by Trygve Heide, updated more than 1 year ago
Trygve Heide
Created by Trygve Heide over 10 years ago
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Resource summary

Major Theories of Personality
  1. Psychodynamic Perspective
    1. Freud
      1. Topography of the mind
        1. Conscious level
          1. Thoughts
            1. Perceptions
            2. Preconscious level
              1. Memories
                1. Stored Knowledge
                2. Unconscious level
                  1. Fears
                    1. Violent motives
                      1. Selfish needs
                        1. Shameful experiences
                          1. Irrational wishes
                            1. Immoral urges
                          2. Drives
                            1. Sex
                              1. Agression
                              2. Personality development: psychosexual stages
                                1. Oral: (0-18 months) Depndency
                                  1. Anal: (2-3yrs) Orderliness, control, compliance
                                    1. Phallic: (4-6yrs) Identification with parents, oedipus complex
                                      1. Latency: (7-11 yrs) Sexual and agressive behaviour channelled into socially accepted activites
                                        1. Genital: (12+yrs) Mature sexuality and relationships
                                  2. Interruptions cause fixations, for example oral fixation (smoking)
                                  3. Structure of personality
                                    1. ID: Unconscious: Pleasure
                                      1. Ego: Largely conscious. Reality
                                        1. Axiety
                                          1. Defence mechanisms
                                            1. Repression
                                              1. Forgetting
                                              2. Projection
                                                1. Channeling characteristics onto someone else
                                                2. Reaction formation
                                                  1. Doing extreme opposite
                                                  2. Rationalizing
                                                    1. Logic excuse
                                                    2. Displacement
                                                      1. shifting emotion from one to another
                                                      2. Sublimation
                                                        1. Channeling unacceptable into acceptable activities
                                                  3. Superego:Largely unconscious: idealistic
                                                3. Defence mechanisms
                                                  1. Karen Horney
                                                    1. Womb envy
                                                4. The Phenomenological - Humanistic Approach
                                                  1. George Kelly
                                                    1. Personal Construct Theory
                                                    2. Carl Rogers
                                                      1. Theory of Self
                                                        1. Forces within us direct behaviour
                                                          1. Self-concept: central to personality development
                                                            1. Congruence (consistancy) between self concept and reality
                                                            2. unconditional positive regard
                                                              1. Self - actualization
                                                                1. Fully functioning person
                                                                  1. Openness to experience
                                                                    1. Existential living
                                                                      1. Organismic trusting
                                                                        1. Experiential freedom
                                                                          1. Creativity
                                                                      2. Conditional postive regard
                                                                        1. Self - Discrepancies
                                                                    2. Focus on phenomenological reality
                                                                      1. Inherent goodness
                                                                        1. Strive for personal growth
                                                                      2. Limitations
                                                                        1. Difficult to test
                                                                          1. Little research support
                                                                            1. Too idealistic?
                                                                      3. Trait Approach
                                                                        1. Trait: A relatively stable predisposition to behave in a certain way in different situations.
                                                                          1. Allport (1937) listed 4500 traits
                                                                            1. Catell (1950) reduced these to 16 main traits
                                                                              1. MacCrae and Costa created the big five model.
                                                                                1. With five dimensions (OCEAN)
                                                                                  1. Openess to new expereiences
                                                                                    1. Extraversion
                                                                                      1. Nurotisicm
                                                                                        1. Agreeableness
                                                                                          1. Concsiensusness
                                                                                          2. Current view (INTERACTIONISM): Behaviour is created by the interaction between personality traits and environmental situation
                                                                                            1. Personality traits do predict behaviour, but situation influence how personalities are expressed.
                                                                                    2. Advantages: traits are easy to measure and highly applicable.
                                                                                      1. Disadvantages: trait models are rather descriptive than explanatory
                                                                                      2. Social Cognitive
                                                                                        1. Mischel's CAPS
                                                                                          1. Response influenced by situation al conditions with person variables
                                                                                            1. Encoding strategies (how do you see it?)
                                                                                              1. Expectancies (what will happen?)
                                                                                                1. Values (How do you feel?)
                                                                                                  1. Affects (how do you feel?)
                                                                                                    1. Competencies and self-regulatory capacities (what can you do?)
                                                                                                  2. Personality differences
                                                                                                    1. Learned beliefs
                                                                                                      1. expectancies
                                                                                                        1. Interpretations
                                                                                                          1. Social situations
                                                                                                          2. Locus of control
                                                                                                            1. Internal: i control my destiny
                                                                                                              1. External: others control my destiny
                                                                                                              2. Adv: Testable, supported.
                                                                                                                1. Dis: little on personality processes outside awareness
                                                                                                              3. Biological
                                                                                                                1. Eysenck's Theory
                                                                                                                  1. Personality is linked to neurophysiological mechanisms
                                                                                                                    1. PEN Model of Personailty
                                                                                                                      1. Psychoticism
                                                                                                                        1. Extraversion
                                                                                                                          1. Neuroticism
                                                                                                                        2. Genetics
                                                                                                                        3. Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory
                                                                                                                          1. Behavioural activations systems (BAS)
                                                                                                                            1. Rewards
                                                                                                                              1. BAS stronger in extraverts
                                                                                                                                1. Linked to more dopamine receptors
                                                                                                                              2. Behavioural Inhibition system (BIS)
                                                                                                                                1. Pain or danger
                                                                                                                                  1. BIS stronger in introverts
                                                                                                                                    1. Linked to greater activity in Amygdala and right frontal lobe
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