4298406
Description
Mind Map by Tom Eustice, updated more than 1 year ago
|
Created by Tom Eustice
over 8 years ago
|
|
Sino-Soviet Relations
and the Sino-US
Rapprochement
(1949-76)
- Reasons for
Sino-Soviet
Split
- Ideological
Differences
- Mao focused on
agriculture whilst
Khrushchev
focused on
industry
- Mao regarded Khrushchev's
policy of reconciliation with
Tito (Yugoslavia's leader) as
ideological revisionism
(went against Stalin's ideas)
- Mao viewed peaceful
co-existence as a weak
policy and was further
angered by
Khrushchev's visit to
USA in 1959
- Khrushchev's speech at
Twentieth Party Congress (Feb
1956) angered Mao when he
insulted his policies and
announced de-Stalinisation
without consulting Mao
- Mao criticise
Khrushchev after
failing to see
'privileged elite'
forming which
stopped socialist
progression
- Khrushchev's heavy criticism of
the Great Leap Forward and
insulting Mao for splitting the
communist revolution and
helping the capitalist caused
friction
- Taiwan Straits
Crises caused
tension when Mao
went against what
USSR wanted
- Taiwan Strait
Crises (54-55,
58)
- GMD (nationalists) fled to Taiwan islands
which Mao wanted to shell. After the
Korean War, Mao's focus came back to
Taiwan and he shelled Quemoy in 1954 to
highlight the issue of Taiwan and register
his displeasure at SEATO
- SEATO was set up in
1964 to try and stop
expansion of
communism in the
region, it was joined
by USA, UK, France,
Australia and New
Zealand.
- Mao was angry at this, so
Khrushchev decided to
support Mao militarily
despite Mao not telling
him about the 1954
shelling before he did it.
- US backed the GMD even though they left
one island after the shelling and this caused
tensions between the US and China. Mao
had secured China under the USSR's nuclear
umbrella as Khrushchev thought it was best
the communists stuck together. However,
Mao later decided to leave the island for
later in case it could be used tactically, by
'loosening or tightening the noose' as
appropriate, as he said
- US backed the GMD even though they left
one island after the shelling and this caused
tensions between the US and China. Mao
had secured China under the USSR's nuclear
umbrella as Khrushchev thought it was best
the communists stuck together. However,
Mao later decided to leave the island for
later in case it could be used tactically, by
'loosening or tightening the noose' as
appropriate, as he said
- Mao was angry at this, so
Khrushchev decided to
support Mao militarily
despite Mao not telling
him about the 1954
shelling before he did it.
- SEATO was set up in
1964 to try and stop
expansion of
communism in the
region, it was joined
by USA, UK, France,
Australia and New
Zealand.
- GMD (nationalists) fled to Taiwan islands
which Mao wanted to shell. After the
Korean War, Mao's focus came back to
Taiwan and he shelled Quemoy in 1954 to
highlight the issue of Taiwan and register
his displeasure at SEATO
- Taiwan Strait
Crises (54-55,
58)
- Taiwan Straits
Crises caused
tension when Mao
went against what
USSR wanted
- Khrushchev's heavy criticism of
the Great Leap Forward and
insulting Mao for splitting the
communist revolution and
helping the capitalist caused
friction
- Mao criticise
Khrushchev after
failing to see
'privileged elite'
forming which
stopped socialist
progression
- Khrushchev's speech at
Twentieth Party Congress (Feb
1956) angered Mao when he
insulted his policies and
announced de-Stalinisation
without consulting Mao
- Mao viewed peaceful
co-existence as a weak
policy and was further
angered by
Khrushchev's visit to
USA in 1959
- Mao regarded Khrushchev's
policy of reconciliation with
Tito (Yugoslavia's leader) as
ideological revisionism
(went against Stalin's ideas)
- Mao focused on
agriculture whilst
Khrushchev
focused on
industry
- National
Interests
- China saw Mongolia
as in its own sphere
of influence, which
the USSR refused to
cut ties with
- The USSR constantly blocked
China's request to expand its
control in North Korea
- The 1968 USSR invasion of
Czechoslovakia changed China's
perceptions and resulted in
fears that this could be
replicated anywhere
- Border disputes between
China and Russia made
tensions worse, in 1967
the USSR had 15 army
divisions on Chinese
border but over 30 by
1979.
- The Ussuri River disputes also
caused issues. China and USSR
share a 2,700 mile border
which made things worse.
Issues like the Ussuri River
dispute would not often be an
issue between countries which
are at ease with each other,
like US and Canada
- Ussuri River
Dispute
- Borders between countries with good
relations with similar policies not an
issue (e.g. USA and Canada), China's
border of 2700+ miles caused tension
and islands on the Ussuri River caused
dispute over who owned which ones.
- EVENTS
- March 2nd 1969, Soviet
forces suffered 31 dead
and 14 wounded
- March 15th 1969,
Chinese attacked
Damansky Island
- Soviet forces withdrew them later
and attacked the Chinese, exposing
their weakness, either side of the
island. 800 Chinese dead, but only
60 Soviets
- Initial dispute killed more Soviets which suggests Chinese
started it. Ussuri River caused problems as it often flooded,
changing the size of the islands. 1964 agreement, Mao
announced he owned Damansky which annoyed Khrushchev so
he withdrew from agreement. USSR actions in Czechoslovakia
made China fear USSR so they set up an active defence,
including starting to make nuclear weapons.
- Initial dispute killed more Soviets which suggests Chinese
started it. Ussuri River caused problems as it often flooded,
changing the size of the islands. 1964 agreement, Mao
announced he owned Damansky which annoyed Khrushchev so
he withdrew from agreement. USSR actions in Czechoslovakia
made China fear USSR so they set up an active defence,
including starting to make nuclear weapons.
- Soviet forces withdrew them later
and attacked the Chinese, exposing
their weakness, either side of the
island. 800 Chinese dead, but only
60 Soviets
- March 15th 1969,
Chinese attacked
Damansky Island
- March 2nd 1969, Soviet
forces suffered 31 dead
and 14 wounded
- Consequences of
Ussuri River Dispute
- Damansky Island remained Soviet
- Border dispute
was still
unresolved
- Tensions on borders increased (13 August,
Chinese brigade eliminated in clash)
- Made Mao realise he
needed to change
foreign policy, with a
different approach to
the USA.
- Damansky Island remained Soviet
- EVENTS
- Borders between countries with good
relations with similar policies not an
issue (e.g. USA and Canada), China's
border of 2700+ miles caused tension
and islands on the Ussuri River caused
dispute over who owned which ones.
- Ussuri River
Dispute
- The Ussuri River disputes also
caused issues. China and USSR
share a 2,700 mile border
which made things worse.
Issues like the Ussuri River
dispute would not often be an
issue between countries which
are at ease with each other,
like US and Canada
- Border disputes between
China and Russia made
tensions worse, in 1967
the USSR had 15 army
divisions on Chinese
border but over 30 by
1979.
- The 1968 USSR invasion of
Czechoslovakia changed China's
perceptions and resulted in
fears that this could be
replicated anywhere
- The USSR constantly blocked
China's request to expand its
control in North Korea
- China saw Mongolia
as in its own sphere
of influence, which
the USSR refused to
cut ties with
- Korean War
- WHY CHINESE
INVOLVEMENT IN
KOREAN WAR?
- China wanted to show
commitment to
Communist revolutionary
cause
- US threats of invasion in China
- Stalin's influence
(initially against
military
commitment)
- North Korea
offered help in
Chinese Civil
War
- China believed
that Korea
belonged to
them
- China believed
that Korea
belonged to
them
- North Korea
offered help in
Chinese Civil
War
- Stalin's influence
(initially against
military
commitment)
- US threats of invasion in China
- China wanted to show
commitment to
Communist revolutionary
cause
- USSR made
China pay
for
equipment
provided,
900,000
Chinese
casualties,
USSR
provided air
support.
- WHY CHINESE
INVOLVEMENT IN
KOREAN WAR?
- Personality
- Mao's view of himself and arguments with Khrushchev caused
tension. Mao was angry for Khrushchev denouncing Stalin without
telling him first and Khrushchev referred to him as the Asian Hitler.
Mao, in response, called him 'a useless old boot' and asked to hold
a meeting at a swimming pool, an insult to Khrushchev as he could
not swim.
- Mao's view of himself and arguments with Khrushchev caused
tension. Mao was angry for Khrushchev denouncing Stalin without
telling him first and Khrushchev referred to him as the Asian Hitler.
Mao, in response, called him 'a useless old boot' and asked to hold
a meeting at a swimming pool, an insult to Khrushchev as he could
not swim.
- Ideological
Differences
- The Sino-Soviet
Treaty of Friendship,
Alliance and Mutual
Assistance (1950)
- Why?
- Mao didn't rule like Stalin and focused on
agriculture rather than industry, Mao was
also angry at Stalin for funding nationalists
and Stalin didn't think China was ready for
Communist rule. To reduce tensions, Mao
visited Moscow in 1950 to sign the treaty.
- Mao didn't rule like Stalin and focused on
agriculture rather than industry, Mao was
also angry at Stalin for funding nationalists
and Stalin didn't think China was ready for
Communist rule. To reduce tensions, Mao
visited Moscow in 1950 to sign the treaty.
- Agreements
- $300mil for China for
defence and
industrialisation
- Gave China control
of the railways
(China sovereignty)
- Military assistance for
China in case of an
attack
- Banned
Non-Soviet
leaders
from
Manchuria
- Banned
Non-Soviet
leaders
from
Manchuria
- Military assistance for
China in case of an
attack
- Gave China control
of the railways
(China sovereignty)
- $300mil for China for
defence and
industrialisation
- Disagreements
- Mongolia remained in
Soviet sphere of
influence
- Stalin refused aid for Taiwan
invasion in an attempt not to
aggravate the USA
- There was no
revolutionary plan for
East Asia
- Mongolia remained in
Soviet sphere of
influence
- Why?
- Who
benefited
from the
Sino-US
rapprochement?
- The deterioration of Sino-Soviet relations
caused US-Soviet relations to improve. This was
known as détente...
- Ping-pong diplomacy - 1971, China let
US win a table tennis tournament
and treated guests with courtesy and
respect.
- Trade and travel restrictions were relaxed
- July 1971, Kissinger (US SoS) met six times
with Zhou Enlai, for a total of 17hrs and
they got on well
- Feb 1972, Nixon visited US and both were able to voice their differences and
common ground and get on well together. They listened to each other.
- 1975, Nixon's
replacement Ford
visited China
- Chinese government put pressure on USSR by visiting
and strengthening ties with other Soviet controlled
countries in Eastern Europe
- Trade between China and USA grew from $5mil to $500mil per year in just a few
years. US did not supply China with military things, but allowed China to supply
them with it. In 1975, the UK secured a deal with China for Rolls-Royce jet
engines
- US allies in far east (S. Korea, Taiwan, S.
Vietnam) were shocked by China's new
close links
- US foreign policy was toned down towards far east. Although they removed
Taiwan from the UN Security Council (1971) and in 1978 did not recognise Taiwan
and removed it from China's recognised regime.
- Improved links with US caused tensions between
China and its allies, which was useful for the USA as it
sort of split up a sea of communism
- US links with China helped Mao restore his damaged
image after the Cultural Revolution and also helped
Zhou Enlai's and his foreign relations with the US. US
also seemed to help the fall of Lin Biao, who opposed
the close links. He died in a mysterious plane crash and
China propaganda said he waned to turn China into a
colony of the USSR
- Links provided a series of opportunities for China
and USA to undermine the USSR and create
implications for them
- The deterioration of Sino-Soviet relations
caused US-Soviet relations to improve. This was
known as détente...
Media attachments
Want to create your own Mind Maps for free with GoConqr? Learn more.