Advanced Concepts in Stem Cell Biology

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Undergraduate Biotechnology in Animal Physiology Mind Map on Advanced Concepts in Stem Cell Biology, created by Lydia Buckmaster on 18/01/2014.
Lydia Buckmaster
Mind Map by Lydia Buckmaster, updated more than 1 year ago
Lydia Buckmaster
Created by Lydia Buckmaster about 10 years ago
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Resource summary

Advanced Concepts in Stem Cell Biology
  1. Reprogramming Cell Fate
    1. Nuclear Transfer
      1. Somatic cell nucleus is injected into an enucleated oocyte, which are then fused together
        1. Reprograms the nucleus
          1. Resulting embryo generates an identical clone of the donor organism
            1. e.g. tadpoles, Dolly the sheep
      2. Cell Fusion
        1. Two cell types are combined together
          1. Just the cytoplasm fused
            1. If DNA replication and cell division does not occur, a binucleated heterokaryon is produced
              1. If it does, a synkaryon is produced instead
                1. Can be euploid (equal number of chromosomes - fuse cells from the same species)
                  1. Or aneuploid (abnormal number of chromosomes - fuse cells from different species)
            2. Transcription-Factor Transduction
              1. TFs such as c-Myc, Oct4, Sox2 and Klf4 activate pluripotency in a somatic cell
                1. Causes it to divide into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)
                  1. Uses
                    1. Patient-specific cell therapy
                      1. Drug screening
                        1. Human disease modelling
                2. Lineage Specifiers
                  1. Suggested that pluripotency factors such as Oct4 and Sox2 also function to specify a lineage during ESC differentiation
                    1. Overexpression of certain factors leads to differentiation of a specific lineage
                    2. Oct4 specifies the mesoderm
                      1. Sox2 specifies the neuroectoderm
                        1. Extrinsic cytokine signalling
                          1. Mechanism which allows control of the expression of the various pluripotency factors which determine cell fate
                            1. ESCs remain undifferentiated due to all of the key pluripotency factors being expressed at similar levels
                              1. No factor becomes dominant, and so differentiation does not occur
                              2. Key to stem cells self-renewing and maintaining of their undifferentiated state
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