4935815
Description
Mind Map by Rebecca Birch, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Rebecca Birch
over 10 years ago
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Events culminating in
the Second Civil War
- PARLIAMENTARY FACTIONALISM BY
THE END OF THE FIRST CIVIL WAR
- Charles' stubbornness
encouraged by division between
moderates and radicals. 1646 -
Two parliamentary factions
labelled Political Presbyterians
and Political Independents
- 1646 - Political Presbyterians =
most influential group. Favoured by
majority of country due to peace
policy (country weary from war)
- 1646 - Political Presbyterians =
most influential group. Favoured by
majority of country due to peace
policy (country weary from war)
- POLITICAL PRESBYTERIANS
- Key figures -
Denzil Holles and
Philip Stapleton
- Moderate in
nature. Called
'Peace Party'
- Conservative
socially and
politically
- Opposed to
religious
toleration
- Favoured
negotiated peace,
willing to accept
on minimal terms
- Disenchanted
with NMA
- Drew closer to Scots
- Supported
Presbyterian Church,
prevent social
revolution
- Key figures -
Denzil Holles and
Philip Stapleton
- POLITICAL INDEPENDENTS
- Key figures -
Oliver Cromwell
and Henry Ireton
- Radical in nature. Called 'War Party'
- Disliked authoritarianism
of Scottish Presbyterianism
- Wanted considerable
measure of religious
toleration
- Allied with NMA
- Willing to settle with King and
disband NMA but only if he
accepted limitations to power
- Key figures -
Oliver Cromwell
and Henry Ireton
- Charles' stubbornness
encouraged by division between
moderates and radicals. 1646 -
Two parliamentary factions
labelled Political Presbyterians
and Political Independents
- THE NEWCASTLE
PROPOSITIONS, JULY 1646
- Plan for settlement from Political
Presbyterians. Main features were:
- Religion - Charles
to accept
establishment of
Presbyterianism
for 3 years
- Militia - Parliament
to control militia
for 20 years
- Parliament - Triennial
Act to remain,
guaranteed regular
parliaments -> limited
Crown's power
- Royalists - Only 58
were pardoned,
encouraged others
to accept defeat
- Religion - Charles
to accept
establishment of
Presbyterianism
for 3 years
- Charles stalled but had no
intention of agreeing to the terms.
1646-1647 - Further instability as
Political Presbyterians attempted
to get Charles to agree to a more
lenient version of the Propositions.
This consisted of two new parts:
- Demobilisation of
NMA, keep a smaller
force to go to Ireland
to crush Irish Catholics
- Creation of an
alternative 'safe'
army based on
London trained bands
- Demobilisation of
NMA, keep a smaller
force to go to Ireland
to crush Irish Catholics
- Denzil Holles abused NMA
in a document
(Declaration of Dislike).
Stated that army
petitioners were 'enemies
to the state and disturbers
of the public peace'
- Political Presbyterians' strategy based
on Parliament's financial problem ->
owed army £3 million (before the war,
this had never amounted to more
than £1 million). So, the Political
Presbyterians brought the NMA into
the politics of settlement
- Political Presbyterians' strategy based
on Parliament's financial problem ->
owed army £3 million (before the war,
this had never amounted to more
than £1 million). So, the Political
Presbyterians brought the NMA into
the politics of settlement
- Plan for settlement from Political
Presbyterians. Main features were:
- THE POLITICISATION OF
THE NEW MODEL ARMY
- NMA created by Parliament in
1645. It was created from a
merging of three regional
armies and aimed to make
the war effort more effective.
Initially commanded by
Thomas Fairfax, with Oliver
Cromwell as lieutenant
general
- NMA offended by Newcastle
Propositions and Declaration of
Dislike. Believed that the Political
Presbyterians were attempting to
construct a rival army. However, they
had more immediate concerns:
- Wages were £3 million
in arrears but they
faced disbandment
before they were paid
- Possibility of being
charged with offensives
committed during the war
(Parliament hadn't passed
an indemnity act)
- Wages were £3 million
in arrears but they
faced disbandment
before they were paid
- NMA's entry into
politics significantly
impacted settlement.
Once they were a
political force, they
were central to all
that followed until the
restoration of
monarchy in 1660
- NMA created by Parliament in
1645. It was created from a
merging of three regional
armies and aimed to make
the war effort more effective.
Initially commanded by
Thomas Fairfax, with Oliver
Cromwell as lieutenant
general
- THE NEW MODEL
ARMY'S OPPOSITION TO
PARLIAMENT, 1646-1649
- NMA initially sought redress of
grievances but its statements became
progressively more radical as Parliament
failed to address their concerns
- March 1647 - NMA
first petitioned
Parliament for
redress of
grievances. Was
condemned
- May 1647 - Commons accepted
Charles' third reply to
Newcastle Propositions. He
conceded Presbyterianism for 3
years and Parliamentary
control of militia for 10 years.
Both concessions antagonised
army (felt terms were too
lenient, Charles could not be
trusted to honour them)
- 25th May - Commons voted
to disband NMA with only 8
weeks arrears pay
- 25th May - Commons voted
to disband NMA with only 8
weeks arrears pay
- May 1647 - Commons accepted
Charles' third reply to
Newcastle Propositions. He
conceded Presbyterianism for 3
years and Parliamentary
control of militia for 10 years.
Both concessions antagonised
army (felt terms were too
lenient, Charles could not be
trusted to honour them)
- March 1647 - NMA
first petitioned
Parliament for
redress of
grievances. Was
condemned
- June 1647 - Response to
Commons' vote and
orders of Fairfax - NMA
held general meeting at
Newmarket
- Politicisation of army became more
pronounced so rendezvous at
Newmarket saw organisation of a
more formal political structure, the
'General Council of the Army', to be
led by Fairfax but dominated by
Ireton and Cromwell, to discuss
strategy. It was to consist of two
commissioned officers and two
adjutators from each regiment
- 2nd June 1647 - Charles
seized by army. Cornet
George Joyce forced him
out of parliamentary
house arrest, took him to
army HQ at Newmarket
- 4th June 1647 - Joyce wrote to Cromwell
saying that the King had been claimed
and that he needed to be told what to
do. NMA's control of Charles was what
really made them signifcant. Army
produced a Humble Remonstrance -
declared that they would not disband
until grievances were met. Began a
slow march towards London to put
pressure on enemies
- 5th June 1647 - Army
presented position to
Parliament in Solemn
Engagement. Mainly
written by Ireton
- 7th June 1647 - Army HQ's at
Cambridge, Fairfax, Cromwell and
Ireton went to Childerley (where
Charles was held). Meting was
first of several formal negotiations
between army leadership and
Charles. Ireton was chief
spokesman. Charles eventually
lodged at Hampton Court
- 14th June 1647 - 'A
Representation of the Army' .
mainly written by Ireton and
John Lambert, aided by
Cromwell, declared that NMA
was 'not a mere mercenary
army'. Outlined fundamentals
of the army's political position:
- A purge of
Parliament
- Future Parliaments
of fixed duration
- Guaranteed right
of freedom
- Extension of religious freedom
- Army declared itself dedicated to
defending 'our own and the people's
just rights and liberties'. Since March,
army had made clear that settlement
had to take grievances into account
- A purge of
Parliament
- 14th June 1647 - 'A
Representation of the Army' .
mainly written by Ireton and
John Lambert, aided by
Cromwell, declared that NMA
was 'not a mere mercenary
army'. Outlined fundamentals
of the army's political position:
- 7th June 1647 - Army HQ's at
Cambridge, Fairfax, Cromwell and
Ireton went to Childerley (where
Charles was held). Meting was
first of several formal negotiations
between army leadership and
Charles. Ireton was chief
spokesman. Charles eventually
lodged at Hampton Court
- 5th June 1647 - Army
presented position to
Parliament in Solemn
Engagement. Mainly
written by Ireton
- 4th June 1647 - Joyce wrote to Cromwell
saying that the King had been claimed
and that he needed to be told what to
do. NMA's control of Charles was what
really made them signifcant. Army
produced a Humble Remonstrance -
declared that they would not disband
until grievances were met. Began a
slow march towards London to put
pressure on enemies
- 2nd June 1647 - Charles
seized by army. Cornet
George Joyce forced him
out of parliamentary
house arrest, took him to
army HQ at Newmarket
- Politicisation of army became more
pronounced so rendezvous at
Newmarket saw organisation of a
more formal political structure, the
'General Council of the Army', to be
led by Fairfax but dominated by
Ireton and Cromwell, to discuss
strategy. It was to consist of two
commissioned officers and two
adjutators from each regiment
- July - Impeachment charges
drawn up by army against
11 MPs, including Holles
- 16th July 1647 - Army's General Council, consisting of
higher-ranking officers and lower-ranking adjutators, met
at Reading. Ireton presented Heads of the Proposals to
rest of army. Adjutators had become impatient with slow
progress in achieving demands. They were pushing for
march on London to secure demands more quickly. At
Reading, it became clearer that senior officers,
particularly Ireton, were negotiating with Charles.
Opened Ireton and Cromwell up to charges of hypocrisy
- 16th July 1647 - Army's General Council, consisting of
higher-ranking officers and lower-ranking adjutators, met
at Reading. Ireton presented Heads of the Proposals to
rest of army. Adjutators had become impatient with slow
progress in achieving demands. They were pushing for
march on London to secure demands more quickly. At
Reading, it became clearer that senior officers,
particularly Ireton, were negotiating with Charles.
Opened Ireton and Cromwell up to charges of hypocrisy
- NMA initially sought redress of
grievances but its statements became
progressively more radical as Parliament
failed to address their concerns
- THE HEADS OF THE PROPOSALS
- Drafted by Ireton and
Lambert. Published
on 2nd August 1647.
Main points were:
- Reform of
Parliamentary
representation
- Parliamentary
control of the
army and navy
- Regular biennial
Parliaments
- Parliamentary
appointment of
great offices of
state for 10 years
- Religious settlement
maintaining the national
Church with bishops, but
no coercive power
- Act of Oblivion
(pardon),
exempted only a
few Royalists
from punishment
- Reform of
Parliamentary
representation
- Drafted by Ireton and
Lambert. Published
on 2nd August 1647.
Main points were:
- End of First Civil War 1646 - Charles I
defeated militarily but could still negotiate
for settlement. Refused to consider
Parliament's settlements seriously. Seen
as a politically astute move, wanted to
play upon divisions between English
Parliament, the Scots and NMA
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