Cells and Microbiology New

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Mind Map on Cells and Microbiology New, created by francescacanaled on 01/20/2014.
francescacanaled
Mind Map by francescacanaled, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by francescacanaled over 11 years ago
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Resource summary

Cells and Microbiology
  1. Organic Chemistry
    1. Proteins
      1. Dipeptide= 2 amino acids combine
        1. Tripeptide= 3 Amino Acids combine
          1. Polypeptide= 4 or more amino acids combine
            1. Secondary= Formed by hydrogen bonds between backbone amide and carboxyl groups.
              1. Tertiary= Overall shape of polypeptide formed by interactions between the side chains (R) bonds include: Hydrophobic, Hydrogen, Ionic
                1. Quarternary= Aggregation of 2 or more polypeptide units
                  1. Denature
                    1. High temps and PH
                      1. Can renature when environment is restored to normal
                  2. Carbs
                    1. Formula= CnH2nOn
                      1. Monosaccharides= Single version of sugar eg. Glucose, Galactose, Fructose
                        1. Disacchardies= 2 Monosaccharides joined together eg. Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose
                          1. Polysaccharides/Polymers= Many repeating units of monomers eg. Starch & Glycogen= Storage Cellulose & Chitin= Structural
                            1. Monomer= Linked by covalent bonds, formed by a condensation reaction (loss of water)
                              1. Polymers are disassembled to monomers by hydrolysis (addition of water)
                      2. Bonding
                        1. Ionic= Giving up an electron eg. Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
                          1. Covalent= Sharing one or more electrons eg. Water
                            1. Glycosidic bond= Formed between 2 carbs after a condensation reaction
                              1. Ester= Between fatty acid and alcohol
                                1. Peptide= Happens between 2 amino acids (loss of water)
                                2. Enzymes
                                  1. Inhibition
                                    1. Reaction Rates
                                    2. Cells
                                      1. Passive & Active Transport
                                        1. Passive= Doesn't require energy, moves particles from high to low, down the concentration gradient eg. Diffusion, Osmosis. Moves anything soluble eg. water, oxygen
                                          1. Active= Uses ATP to move particles from low concentration to high. Goes against concentration gradient eg, phagocytosis. Moves ions, proteins, large cells.
                                          2. Prokaryotic= Bacteria and Archaea
                                            1. Eukaryotic
                                              1. Organelles
                                                1. Nucleus= Control centre
                                                  1. Chromatin= Consists of DNA and protein= Make up chromosomes
                                                    1. Nucleolus= Ribosomal RNA synthesis and formation of ribosomes
                                                    2. RER=Membrane Factory
                                                      1. SER= Detox of drugs/alcohol, Synthesis of lipids= Testosterone, Cholesterol
                                                        1. Golgi Apparatus= Sorting, packaging and distributing
                                                          1. Ribosomes= Protein synthesis
                                                            1. Lysosomes= Remove cell debris
                                                              1. Peroxisomes= Oxidative enzymes
                                                                1. Mitochondria= Cell powerhouse, generates ATP
                                                                  1. Chloroplast= Generate chemical energy in the form of sugar from sunlight and CO2. Sight of photosynthesis
                                                                    1. Vacuoles= In animals temporary remove debris, in plants permanent may store starch
                                                                      1. Cytoskeleton= Scaffolding
                                                                        1. Microtubule= Make up cilia and Flagella
                                                                          1. Microfilament=Help maintain cell structure
                                                                      2. Genetics
                                                                        1. Mendel's 2 Laws
                                                                          1. Law of segregation
                                                                            1. Traits don't mix and stay together, they can be separated again.
                                                                            2. Law of independent assortment
                                                                              1. Individual traits aren't linked and can be separated.
                                                                            3. Multiplicative Law
                                                                              1. Using probability instead of punnett squares
                                                                                1. Example: Given the parents PpQqRr and PpQQRR, what are the chances of an offspring ppQqRR?
                                                                                  1. Pp x Qq x Rr x Pp x QQ x RR
                                                                                    1. 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 x 1 x 1
                                                                                      1. 1/4 x 1/2 x 1/2
                                                                                        1. 1/16
                                                                            4. Photosynthesis
                                                                              1. Calvin Cycle
                                                                              2. Cellular Respiration
                                                                                1. What is produced at each stage?
                                                                                  1. Oxidative Phorophorylation
                                                                                  2. Cell Division
                                                                                    1. Mitosis= Division of somatic (Body Cells)
                                                                                      1. 6 Stages
                                                                                        1. 1. Prophase: Chromatin condenses, Mitotic spindle begins to form..
                                                                                          1. 2. Prometaphase; Discrete chromosomes consisting of identical sister chromatids appear. Nuclear envelope fragments.Spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.
                                                                                            1. 3. Metaphase: Spindle is complete. Chromosomes attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all alligned at the metaphase plate (middle)
                                                                                              1. 4. Anaphase: Chromatids of each chromosomes have seperated. Daughter chromosomes move to the poles of the cell.
                                                                                                1. 5&6: Telophase & Cytokenesis: Daughter nuclei being formed. Cytokenesis typically begins. Cytoplasm divides to form 2 separate daughter cells.
                                                                                                2. The time when the cell is not dividing is called Interphase. (90%)
                                                                                                  1. G1= Gap1= Growing and Functioning. S= DNA Synthesises. G2= Gap 2= Growth, functioning & replication of the centrosome
                                                                                                  2. Meiosis= Production of gametes (Sex Cells)
                                                                                                    1. Meiosis I 4 Phases
                                                                                                      1. 2. Metaphase I: Tetrads line up at the metaphase plate with one chromosome facing each pole. Microtubules from one pole are attached to the kinetochore of on chromosome of each tetrad.
                                                                                                        1. 1. Prophase I: Occupies 90%. Chromosomes begin to condense. In synapsis, homologous chromosomes loosley pair, alligned gene by gene. In crossing over non-sister chromatids exhange DNA segments.
                                                                                                          1. 3. Anaphase I: Pairs of homologous chromosomes separate. One chromosome moves towards each pole, guided by the spindle apparatus. Sister chromatids remain attached at the centromere and move as one towards the pole.
                                                                                                            1. 4. Telophase I & Cytokinesis: In the beginning of telophase I each half of the cell has a haploid set of chromosomes; each chromosome still consists of 2 sister chromatids. Cytokinesis usually occurs simultaneously, forming 2 haploid daughter cells. No chromosome replication ocurs between the end of meiosis I and the beginning of meiosis II.
                                                                                                            2. Meiosis II 4 Phases
                                                                                                              1. 1. Prophase II: A spindle forms. In late prophase II chromosomes move towards the metaphase plate.
                                                                                                                1. 2. Metaphase II: The sister chromatids are arranged at the metaphase plate. Because of crossing over in meiosis I, the 2 sister chromatids of each chromosomes are no longer generically identical. The kinetochores of sister chromatids attach to microtubules extending from opposite poles.
                                                                                                                  1. 3. Anaphase II: The sister chromatids separate. The sister chromatids of each chromosome now move as 2 newly individual chromosomes towards opposite poles.
                                                                                                                    1. 4. Telophase II & Cytokinesis: In telophase II, the chromosomes arrive at opposite poles. Nuclei form and the chromosomes begin de-condensing. Cytokinesis separates the cytoplasm. At the end of meiosis, there are 4 daughter cells, each with a haploid set of unreplicated chromosomes. Each daughter cell is genetically distinct from the others & from the parent cells.
                                                                                                                    2. Tetrad: When 2 homologous pairs come together
                                                                                                                  2. Protein Synthesis
                                                                                                                    1. Transcription
                                                                                                                      1. Takes place in the nucleus
                                                                                                                        1. Process: The gene coding for the protein required untwists then unzips , the H- Bonds between the strands break. Free RNA nucleotides from complementary base pairs with one strand of DNA bases. Weak H- Bonds form between base pairs. Sugar phosphate bonds form between RNA nucleotides. mRNA strand is synthesized. mRNA peels off the DNA and moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
                                                                                                                        2. Translation
                                                                                                                          1. Takes place in the cytoplasm or RER.
                                                                                                                            1. Process: The ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis. The mRNA strand attaches to a ribosome. tRNA molecules transport specific amino acids to the ribosome. Each mRNA codon codes for a specific amino acid. The anit-codons and codons match up and form complementary base pairs. Peptide bonds form between the adjacent amino acids to form the polypeptide (protein).
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