Anatomy and Physiology

Skeletal System
1. Which is divided into
  1. Axial skeleton (80 bones)
    1. Comprised of
      1. Vertabral Column (Spine)
        Composed of vertabre
        Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar
        Connects to skull
      2. Skull
        Frontal, Occipital, etc
      3. Rib Cage
        originates from thoracic spine
    2. Protects CNS
  2. Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
    1. Name originates from the Latin root, appendix
    2. Comprised of
      1. Movable limbs
        E.g., Legs, Arms, Forarms
      2. Gridles
        E.g., Shoulder gridle
    3. Supports the axial skeleton
2. Bones
  1. Attached by
    1. Joints
      1. 3 Types
        Fibrous
        Allow no movement
        Cartilogenous
        Allow some movement
        Synovial
        Allow movement
        6 types
        Ball-and-socket
        Gliding, Hinge, etc.
        Pivot
  2. 5 types
    1. Long
      1. Produce Erithrocytes
        In medullary cavity
      2. E.g., Femur
    2. Short, etc
      1. E.g., Trapezoid
    3. Flat
    4. Irregular
      2. e.g., Scapula, Pelvis
  3. composed of
    1. 50% Water
    2. Ca, Fe, Mg, Na, etc.
  4. comprised of
    1. Osteoblasts
      1. Bone-building cells
    2. Osteoclasts
      1. Bone-decomposing cell
    3. Osteocytes
      1. Bone cells
  5. End with Cartilage
3. Protects the body
4. Allows movements
5. Stores calcium
6. Produces cells
Muscular system
1. Divided into groups
  1. Allow movements
    1. e.g. Biceps Femor, deltoid, flexor digitorum
  2. Support the posture and stabileze the body
    1. e.g., Erectus Spinae, Rectus and Transversus Abdominis,
2. Muscles
  1. 3 Types
    1. Skeletal
      1. Attach to bones
        Trough tendons
        At major landmarks
        E.g., Scapular Spine, Deltoid Tuberosity
    2. Cardiac
      1. Contain many Mitocondria
        More energy
      2. found only in heart
    3. Smooth
  2. Muscle belly
    1. Epimysium
      1. Perimysium
        Endomysium
        Muscle Fibre (Cell)
        Sarcolemma
        Sarcomere
        Thick Filament
        Thin Filamnet
        Sarcoplasmic reticulum
  3. Contract only
    1. 3 Types
      1. Concentric
      2. Isometric
      3. Eccentric
    2. Muscles contract when thick filament pull on thin filaments, something called sliding filament theory
      3. Triggered through the release of Calcium Ions
        From
      4. Uses ATP
        =
        ADP
        +
        Inorganic Phosphorus
        +
        Energy
3. Moves through the cooperation of opposing muscles
  1. Antagonist muslce
    1. Relaxes to allow the agonist muscle to contract
  2. Agonist muscle
    1. Contracts to make the movement
  3. e.g., Biceps trachii & triceps trachii
Injuries
1. E.g.
  1. Fracture
    1. 3 Types
      1. Simple
        Without damage to the surrounding tissue
      2. Compound
        Damage to the skin/surrounding tissues is present
      3. Comminuted
        Crushed into many small pieces
  2. Tendonities
  3. Osteoartritis
  4. Dislocation
  5. Separation
Movements
1. Standart anatomical position
2. e.g., Adduction/Abduction
  1. Part of body moves closer/farther to the body
3. e.g., Flexion/Extension
  1. Joint angle decreases/increases
4. Occur
  1. Around axis
    1. e.g., horizontal, anterioposterior, Longitudinal
  2. Through Planes
    1. e.g., Sagittal, Frontal, Transverse

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Anatomy and Physiology

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	Created by Levon Harutunyan almost 8 years ago