PHARMACOGNOSY-I

1. Carbohydrates = 15.8 kJ (3.75 kcal)
   1. Proteins = 16.8 kJ (4 kcal) /g
      1. Lipids = 37.8 kJ (9 kcal) / g

Annotations:

• adults provide 45-65% of energy from carbohdrates and 10% of their total energy is supplied directly from sugars
• •organisms do not use all carbohydrates for their energy need. Most of the organisms use molecules such as mono- and disaccharides, but glucose is always preffered. e.g. Echerichia coli contains the necessary enyzmes for the metabolism of lactoses. But if lactose and glucose are present together than glucose is preffered
• •polysaccharides are also energy sources. Many organisms transform starch to glucose, but cannot metabolise cellulose or other polysaccharides such as chitin or arabinoxylan. Chitin and arabinoxylan are metabolized by certain bacteria. These indigestable complex carbohydrates (dietary fibers) are important nutrients for human  facilitate digestion

1. source of energy = starch, glycogen
2. plant cell wall  cellulose
3. arthropod skeleton  chitin
4. in the structure of RNA  major component of ribose Coenzymes (ATP, FAD, NAD)
5. in the structure of DNA  deoxyribose
6. immune system, prevention of blood clotting  biomolecules

1. simple carbohydrates
   1. mono- and di-saccharides
2. complex carbohydrates

   Annotations:

   • present in fruits, vegetables and whole grain
   1. oligosaccharides
      1. polysaccharides

         Annotations:

         • digested more slowly and are more healthy compare to simple carbohydrates