Coming of age

Annotations:

• Francesca Purcell
• Dynamics of civilization and Geography

1. Dynamics of civilization and geography
   1. 7107 islands depending on tidal height
      1. 1000 only are inhabited
      2. >90% live on 11 Islands
      3. >60% land mass is mountainous, causing high density living in inhabited areas.
2. 1946 Independence July 4-Manuel Roxas was 1st President.
   1. During the transition to independence, Japan occupied Phil from 1942-44.
      1. Almost 1,000,000 Filipinos died during this occupation.
   2. Problems over next 40 years: Unequal distribution of land and wealth, unresolved conflict with Muslim groups, general instability re politics and economics
3. Spanish colonization from mid 16th century.
   1. Main obj - trade and spread Catholicism
      1. By 1898, over 80% Catholic except Muslims in the south
      2. Education was not a priority for the Spanish
         1. 2 universities were founded : 1595 & 1611
            1. Founded as seminaries for Filipino men. p35
         2. Generally women and girls missed out
         3. Wealthy families sent their girls to convent schools trained in social skills, some as teachers.
4. Baybayin-system of writing prior to 1521.
   1. Early Spanish Friars replaced writing to Roman alphabet
5. 1898 Independence from Spain
   1. Malalos Constitution- free, compulsory primary educ throughout Philippines: Short lived
   2. Americans provided educ (non-commissioned military officers): taught in English
      1. By 1901 a structure and budget created to a national educ system from elementary schools through teachers colleges
         1. Women enrol in mostly educ, pharmacy, home economics, nursing programs.
            1. Some women explore medicine, dentistry, law, business admin.
   3. Educ supported one's chance for social mobility. p37