2_1_Architecture and Emerging Technologies

generation
1. 1G
  1. 1st generation
    1. initial 1980's
  2. It has a data rate up to 2.4kbps
  3. Major subscribers were Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT), and Total Access Communication System (TACS).
  4. disadvantages
    1. par capacity
    2. reckless handoff
    3. inferior voice associations
    4. with no security
2. 2G
  1. 2nd generation
    1. late 1990’s
  2. used in mobile telephones
  3. Global Systems for Mobile communications (GSM)
  4. chiefly used for
    1. voice communication
  5. its main features
    1. data rate up to 64kbps
    2. 2G mobile handset battery lasts longer
    3. Short Message Service (SMS)
    4. e-mail
3. 2.5g
  1. 2nd generation cellular system
  2. General Packet Radio Services (GPRS)
    1. other amenities doesn’t commonly endow in 2G or 1G networks.
  3. its main features
    1. packet switching
    2. circuit switching
    3. data rate up to 144kbps
4. 3G
  1. 3rd generation
    1. late 2000
  2. transmission rate up to 2Mbps.
  3. services based on Internet Protocol (IP)
  4. disadvantage
    1. require more power
    2. plans are more expensive
      1. Wideband
5. 3.75G
  1. Long-Term Evolution technology (LTE)
  2. Fixed Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (FIXED WIMAX)
  3. mobile data services
  4. provides a substantial number of users the facility to access a broad range of high speed services
  5. improved performance for less cost
6. 4G
  1. 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
  2. Long Term Evolution (LTE)
  3. Mobile Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WIMAX)
  4. improve the communication
  5. based on IP
  6. services
    1. voice
    2. data
    3. multimedia
    4. Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB)
    5. video chat
7. 5G
  1. Beam Division Multiple Access (BDMA)
  2. six challenges
    1. higher capacity
    2. higher data rate
    3. lower End to End latency
    4. massive device connectivity
    5. reduced cost
    6. consistent Quality of Experience
evolution
1. wireless
  1. device
    1. satellite communication
    2. television
    3. radio transmission has advanced
    4. mobile telephone
  2. in terms
    1. data rate
    2. coverage
    3. mobility
    4. spectral efficiency
5G CELLULAR NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
1. wireless cellular architecture
  1. In present wireless cellular architecture, for a mobile user to communicate whether inside or outside, an outside base station present in the middle of a cell helps in communication.
    1. occasion
      1. reduced spectral efficiency
      2. data rate
      3. energy efficiency
  2. a new idea or designing technique the 5G cellular architecture is to distinct outside and inside
    1. MIMO systems
      1. construct a large massive MIMO network
        firstly the outside base stations will be fitted with large antenna arrays and among them some are dispersed around the hexagonal cell and linked to the base station through optical fiber cables, aided with massive MIMO technologies.
        Secondly, every building will be installed with large antenna arrays from outside, to communicate with outdoor base stations with the help of line of sight components.
        energy efficiency
        cell average throughput
        data rate
        spectral efficiency
      2. communication
        WiFi
        Small cell
        ultra wideband
        visible light communications
        higher frequencies
        millimeter wave communications
      3. two logical layers
        network cloud
        User plane entity (UPE)
        high layer functionalities related to the User and Control plane,
        provide service
        Control plane entity (CPE)
        network function virtualization (NFV)
        radio network
    2. for example
      1. inside the automobile
      2. high speed trains
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
1. the overall technical aim
  1. 1000 times increased data volume per area
  2. 10 to 100 times increased number of connected devices
  3. 10 to 100 times increased typical user data rate
  4. 10 times extended battery life for low power Massive Machine Communication (MMC) devices
  5. 5 times reduced End-to-End (E2E) latency
2. components
  1. Radio-links
    1. the development of new transmission
    2. waveforms
    3. waveforms
    4. new approaches of multiple access
    5. control
    6. radio resource management
  2. Multi-node and multi-antenna transmissions
    1. designing of multi-antenna
    2. transmission/reception
    3. technologies massive antenna
    4. configurations developing advanced
    5. inter-node coordination
    6. schemes and multi-hop
  3. Network dimension
    1. traffic
    2. mobility management
    3. novel approaches
    4. efficient interference management in complex
    5. heterogeneous deployments
  4. Spectrum usage
    1. extended spectrum band of operation
    2. new spectrum regimes
    3. provides the solution of some of the goals
  5. Device-to-Device (D2D)
    1. direct communication between devices
    2. allows locale of user plane traffic
  6. Massive Machine Communications (MMC)
    1. will form the basis of the Internet of Things with a wide range
      1. field
        the automotive industry
        public safety
        emergency services
        medical
  7. Moving Networks (MN)
    1. will enhance and extend linking together potentially large populations of jointly moving communication devices.
  8. Ultra-dense Networks (UDN)
    1. increase capacity
    2. increase energy
    3. efficiency of radio links
    4. better exploitation of under-utilized spectrum
  9. Ultra-reliable Networks (URN)
    1. high degrees of availability

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2_1_Architecture and Emerging Technologies

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