Methods/Approaches

Annotations:

• The plan of language teaching which consistent with the theories. method may mean different things to different people. for some, it means a set of teaching procedures. For others, the avoidance of teaching procedures. For some, it is the primary of a language skill.

1. The direct method

   Annotations:

   • In this method the teaching is done entirely in the target language. The learner is not allowed to use his or her mother tongue. Grammar rules are avoided and there is emphasis on good pronunciation.
2. Grammar-translation

   Annotations:

   • Learning is largely by translation to and from the target language. Grammar rules are to be memorized and long lists of vocabulary learned by heart. there is little or not emphasis placed on developing oral ability.
3. Audio-lingual

   Annotations:

   • This method is that learning a language means acquiring habits. there is much practice od dialogues of every situations. New language is heard and extensively drilled before being seen in its written form.
4. The structural approach

   Annotations:

   • this method sees language as a complex of grammatical rules which are to be learned one at a time in a set order. 
5. Suggestopedia

   Annotations:

   • the theory underlying this method is that a language can be acquired only when the learner is receptive and has no mental blocks .
6. Total physical response

   Annotations:

   • TPR works by having the learner respond to simple commands such as ¨Stand up, close your book, go to the window and open it¨ The method stresses the important of aural comprehension.
7. Silent way

   Annotations:

   • This is so called because the aim of the teacher is to say as little as possible in order that the learner can be in control of what he wants to say. No use is made of the mother tongue.
8. Community language learning

   Annotations:

   • In this method attempts are made to build strong personal links between the teacher and student so that there are no blocks to learning. There is much talk in the mother tongue which is translated by the teacher for repetition by the student.
9. Immersion

   Annotations:

   • ESL students are immersed in the English language for the whole the school day and expected to learn math, science, humanities etc. through the medium of the target language, English.
10. Task-based language learning

    Annotations:

    • The focus of the teaching is on the completion of a task which in itself is interesting to the learners. Learners use the language they already have to complete the task and there is little correction of error. 

Annotations:

• Approach is a set of correlative assumptions dealing with the nature of language learning and teaching

1. Communicative language teaching

   Annotations:

   • This method is to enable the learner to communicative effectively and appropriately in the various situations she would be likely to find herself in. 
2. The natural approach

   Annotations:

   • This approach, stresses the similarities between learning the  first and second language. There is not correction os mistakes. Learning take place by the student being exposed to language that is comprehensible or made comprehensible to them. 
3. The lexical syllabus

   Annotations:

   • This approach is based on a computer analysis of language which identifies  the most common words in the language and their various uses. The syllabus teaches these words in broadly the order of their frequency and great emphasis i placed on the uses of authentic materials.