14.1 CLASSIFICATION

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AQA BIOLOGY Mind Map on 14.1 CLASSIFICATION, created by Heather Mansfield on 04/17/2014.
Heather Mansfield
Mind Map by Heather Mansfield, updated more than 1 year ago
Heather Mansfield
Created by Heather Mansfield almost 11 years ago
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14.1 CLASSIFICATION
  1. Classification is the organisation of living organisms into groups.
    1. The process is based on a number of accepted principles
      1. The theory and practice of biological classification is called taxonomy
      2. The concept of a species
        1. The members are similar to one another but different from members of other species.
          1. They have similar genes
            1. Resemble each other physically and biochemically
              1. They have similar patterns of development
                1. They have similar immunological features
                  1. They occupy the same ecological niche
                  2. They are capable of breeding to produce living, fertile offspring
                    1. They can successfully produce more offspring
                      1. The individuals of a species belong to the same gene pool
                    2. Naming species
                      1. Binomial system - organisms identified by two names
                        1. First name - generic name
                          1. Denotes the genus to which the organism belongs
                          2. Second name - specific name
                            1. Denotes to the species to which the organism belongs
                              1. Never shared by other species within the genus
                              2. Rules
                                1. Names printed in italics or underlined if handwritten
                                  1. First letter of genetic name is upper case
                                    1. First letter of specific name is lower case
                                      1. If specific name is unknown it can be written as 'sp'
                                  2. Principles of classification
                                    1. Artificial classification
                                      1. Divides organisms according to differences that are useful at the time
                                        1. eg. colour, size, number of legs, ect.
                                          1. Analogous characteristics - same function but not same evolutionary origins
                                        2. Natural classification
                                          1. Based upon evolutionary relationships between organisms and their ancestors
                                            1. Classifies species into groups using shared features derived from their ancestors
                                              1. Arranges the groups into a hierachy, groups are contained within larger composite groups with no overlap
                                                1. Based on homologous characteristics
                                                  1. Similar evolutionary origins regardless of functions
                                              2. Taxonomy
                                                1. Each group within a natural biological classification is called a taxon
                                                  1. Kingdom
                                                    1. Phyla
                                                      1. Classes
                                                        1. Orders
                                                          1. Families
                                                            1. Genera
                                                              1. Species
                                                    2. Evolutionary relationship between organisms is known as phlogeny
                                                      1. Phyolgenic relationships can be represented by phylogenetic trees
                                                        1. In these tree the oldest species is at the base
                                                          1. The most recent ones are at the ends of the brances
                                                      2. Difficulties with defining a species
                                                        1. Species change and evolve over time or develop into new species
                                                          1. Considerable variation among individuals. Artificial selection leads to different breeds
                                                            1. Many species are extinct and most have left no fossil record
                                                              1. Some species rarely, if ever, reproduce sexually
                                                                1. Members of different groups of the same species may be isolated and so never meet and therefore never interbreed
                                                                  1. Groups of organisms isolated from one another may be classified as the same species.
                                                                    1. Some species are sterile
                                                                    2. How science works
                                                                      1. A horse and donkey produce offspring known as mules
                                                                        1. The resulting mules are infertile
                                                                          1. All down to the number of chromosomes
                                                                            1. A horse has 64
                                                                              1. A donkey has 62
                                                                                1. In meiosis they each contribute 32 and 31 pairs respectivley
                                                                                  1. When they fuse the mule has 63 chromosomes
                                                                                    1. Gametes are formed by meiosis which cannot happen with odd number of chromosomes
                                                                                      1. Mitosis does take place so the mule grows and develops normally
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