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14.1 CLASSIFICATION
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AQA BIOLOGY Mind Map on 14.1 CLASSIFICATION, created by Heather Mansfield on 04/17/2014.
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Heather Mansfield
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Heather Mansfield
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14.1 CLASSIFICATION
Classification is the organisation of living organisms into groups.
The process is based on a number of accepted principles
The theory and practice of biological classification is called taxonomy
The concept of a species
The members are similar to one another but different from members of other species.
They have similar genes
Resemble each other physically and biochemically
They have similar patterns of development
They have similar immunological features
They occupy the same ecological niche
They are capable of breeding to produce living, fertile offspring
They can successfully produce more offspring
The individuals of a species belong to the same gene pool
Naming species
Binomial system - organisms identified by two names
First name - generic name
Denotes the genus to which the organism belongs
Second name - specific name
Denotes to the species to which the organism belongs
Never shared by other species within the genus
Rules
Names printed in italics or underlined if handwritten
First letter of genetic name is upper case
First letter of specific name is lower case
If specific name is unknown it can be written as 'sp'
Principles of classification
Artificial classification
Divides organisms according to differences that are useful at the time
eg. colour, size, number of legs, ect.
Analogous characteristics - same function but not same evolutionary origins
Natural classification
Based upon evolutionary relationships between organisms and their ancestors
Classifies species into groups using shared features derived from their ancestors
Arranges the groups into a hierachy, groups are contained within larger composite groups with no overlap
Based on homologous characteristics
Similar evolutionary origins regardless of functions
Taxonomy
Each group within a natural biological classification is called a taxon
Kingdom
Phyla
Classes
Orders
Families
Genera
Species
Evolutionary relationship between organisms is known as phlogeny
Phyolgenic relationships can be represented by phylogenetic trees
In these tree the oldest species is at the base
The most recent ones are at the ends of the brances
Difficulties with defining a species
Species change and evolve over time or develop into new species
Considerable variation among individuals. Artificial selection leads to different breeds
Many species are extinct and most have left no fossil record
Some species rarely, if ever, reproduce sexually
Members of different groups of the same species may be isolated and so never meet and therefore never interbreed
Groups of organisms isolated from one another may be classified as the same species.
Some species are sterile
How science works
A horse and donkey produce offspring known as mules
The resulting mules are infertile
All down to the number of chromosomes
A horse has 64
A donkey has 62
In meiosis they each contribute 32 and 31 pairs respectivley
When they fuse the mule has 63 chromosomes
Gametes are formed by meiosis which cannot happen with odd number of chromosomes
Mitosis does take place so the mule grows and develops normally
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