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868711
Brain tumors
Description
Neurology Mind Map on Brain tumors, created by LewisLewis on 05/13/2014.
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neurology
Mind Map by
LewisLewis
, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by
LewisLewis
almost 11 years ago
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Resource summary
Brain tumors
Classification
Primary tumors
Glial cells
Astrocytes
Tendency to infiltrate
4 grades
I (Pilocytic astrocytoma)
Main glial tumor of children and it can be typically seen in young adults too
Usually in the cerebellum
Rosenthal fibers
II (Diffuse astrocytoma)
Most frequent tumor type
Main morphological types
Fibrillary astrocytoma
Protoplasmic astrocytoma
Gemistocytic astrocytoma
poorer prognosis than other matched WHO grade tumours
Cell cytoplasm is plump and filled with intermediate filaments
III (Anaplastic astrocytoma)
increased cellularity, mitosis, vascular arborisation but no necrosis
IV (Glioblastoma)
Giant cell glioblastoma
Gliosarcoma
Here we have (palisading) necrosis
hypoxic tumor and thus it induces VEGF release. Anti-VEGF molecules has been tested but the success was modest
Seizures, headaches and focal neurological deficits
Most frequent cells giving rise to tumors
Oligodendrocytes
Oligodendroglioma
Seizures
Calcifications
Anaplastic oligodendroglioma
Grade 3
Satellitosis phenomenon
Frontal lobes are the preferred location
Little edema and frequent calcifications
Ependymal cells
Ependymoma
Grade 2
associated to neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2)
Can cause hydrocephalus, especially in children
More commonly evolve to glioblastomas rather than to grade 4 ependymomas
Choroid papillomas
Choroid cysts
Neural cells
Neuroblastomas
Found in adrenal glands
Ganglioneuromas
Much less frequent than those coming from glial cells
Frequently found in the thalamus
Calcifications are present
Neurocytomas
Meningeal cells
Meningiomas
Homer-Wright rosettes (neuronal rosettes, they doesn’t surround a vessel as for ependymal rosettes) can be visible
Schwann cells
Neurinomas
Neurofibromas
Melanocytes
Embryonic remnants
Craniopharingioma
Teratoma
Germinoma
Cholesteatoma
Hemangioblastoma
cerebellar hemisphere
can be associated with VHL and it’s found in patients from the 3rd to the 5th decade
Topographic interpretation
Intra-arachnoid tumors
Intracranial tumors
Supratentorial
Infratentorial
Of the foramen ovale
Foramen magnum
Metastasis
Pathophysiology
Compression
It can lead to edema (vasogenic) by
Treatment
Osmotic diuretics
Osmotic diuretics do not work in edema occurring after infarct because the water is intracellular, and osmotic diuretics cannot extract it
Steroids
Craniotomy if excessive edema or infarct edema
The process of the tumor itself increasing the permeability of the vessels
May depend on neoangiogeneisis which is not so efficient at making the blood-brain barrier
Compression of veins causing an increased pressure in the venous system
Pressure can be measured with funds oculi
Tumor-secreted proteases
Infiltration
Symptoms
Deep coma
Vomiting
Due to stimulation of the 4th ventricle
Intracranial hypertension
Bradycardia
Headache
Epileptic seizure
Motor problems
Signs of cortical involvement
Media attachments
Schermata_2014-05-13_alle_13.02.13 (image/png)
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