XX Century

XX Century

Impressionists
1. Composers
  1. Erik Satie
    1. Gymnopedia #1
  2. Maurice Ravel
    1. Prelude to the afternoon of a fawn
  3. Claude Debussy
    1. Bolero
2. Main Contributions
  1. To expand the theory of music outside tonality and harmony
    1. Pentatonic Scales
    2. Whole-Tone Scales
    3. Harmonic Minor Scale
    4. Diminished/Augmented Scales
"The Rite of Spring"
1. Igor Stravinsky
Atonality
1. Arnold Schönberg
2. Avoiding the use of notes and chords progressions that would give the sense of tonality
3. Pierrot Lunaire
  1. Arnold Schönberg
12-Tone System
1. Definition
  1. A composition technique that features the use of all 12 tones (musical notes) of western music without creating any sense of tonality.
2. Composition Process
  1. Generate a succession of 12 notes without repeating any
    1. Apply Inversion, Retrograde, and Retrograde-Inversion to it.
      1. Create a matrix of 48 possible melodies with these four series
Serialism
1. Inventors
  1. Karlheinz Stockhausen
  2. Pierre Boulez
2. Definition
  1. The idea of generating a series and manipulating it through composition techniques was extended to other elements of music: rhythm, dynamics, expression, and attacks
Extended Tecniques
1. The use of a musical instruments in ways that it wasn’t conceived to be played
2. Prepared Piano
  1. John Cage
  2. Inserting different objects between the strings of the piano in order to make it sound more undetermined and percussive.
Minimalism
1. The use of the least musical resources as possible to compose music
2. Steve Reich
3. Relies on the use of slight differences in tempo between two identical music parts to play with the brain’s ability to differentiate sounds from each other
Concrete Music
1. Electroacoustic music style
2. Recording sounds from the environment and manipulating and organizing it with the help of electronic devices
3. Symphony for One Man Alone
  1. Pierre Schaeffer
4. Electronic music is music generated entirely electronically
5. Initially developed by the military, and given to the public when they became old.
  1. Oscillator
  2. Pulse Generator
  3. Amplification
  4. Modulator
  5. Filters
  6. Effects
  7. Tape Recorders
Aleatoric Music
1. John Cage
2. Music where the musicians randomize what they play at certain points of the music
XX C. Composers
1. John Cage
2. Igor Stravinsky
3. Steve Reich
4. Pierre Boulez
5. Arnold Schönberg
6. Karlheinz Stockhausen
7. Icly Zitella
8. Pierre Schaeffer
From the Book
1. Expanding Tonality (p 39)
  1. Polytonality/Bitonal Music
    1. Petrushka - Stravinsky
    2. C + F# triads
    3. Proponent = Darius Milhaud
    4. The use of two or more harmonies against each other in order to increase tension.
  2. Charles Ives wrote a piece for two brass bands.
    1. Pelleas et Mellisande
2. The Twelve-Tone System (p. 41)
  1. Arnold Schoenberg was worried that musical chaos would occur
    1. Invented twelve-tone system
      1. Would use transposition, later named serialism
        Became basis for experimentation
        Students Berg and Webern later further developed it
3. Minimalism (p. 75)
  1. Originated in 60s
  2. Opposite of complex intellectual approach of total serialism
  3. Based on repeated melodies, harmonies, and rhythm. Almost hypnotic at times.
  4. Central Figures
    1. La Monte Young
      1. Composition #7
    2. Terry Riley
      1. In C
        Made up of 53 music fragments
        Performers would choose which fragments to play.
    3. Steve Reich
    4. Philip Glass
4. New Sounds (p. 76)
  1. Performers learned to play by using the instruments in ways they weren’t invented to be played such as slapping the strings of a guitar, plucking them too hard, or producing animal sounds instead of just blowing air
5. Electronic Sounds (p. 77)
  1. New Technology
  2. Late 40s and 50s = magnetic tape
  3. Musique Concrète
    1. Étude avec chemins de fer
      1. Pierre Schaeffer
  4. Synthesizer
    1. Could produce and modify sound as well
  5. MIDI (musical instrument digital interface) was adopted which meant that electronic musical instruments can communicate with computers
  6. “Electronic music has moved from a studio full of electronic equipment to the home computer, within reach of everyone.”

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	Created by Manuela Martinez about 11 years ago