B3c - Respiration

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GCSE BIOLOGY Mind Map on B3c - Respiration, created by Chloe.Sharland on 06/07/2014.
Chloe.Sharland
Mind Map by Chloe.Sharland, updated more than 1 year ago
Chloe.Sharland
Created by Chloe.Sharland over 10 years ago
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B3c - Respiration
  1. Providing Oxygen to cells
    1. Living cells need energy to function and during exercise they need much more energy.
      1. Examples of the body's energy requirements include muscle contraction, protein synthesis and control of the body temp in mammals.
        1. Plants respire as well. They need energy for making new substances, growth and transport of materials.
          1. Aerobic respiration
            1. The circulatory system carries oxygen and glucose to all the body's cells so that energy can be released through aerobic respiration.
              1. Aerobic respiration takes place inside the cells. The oxygen and glucose molecules react and the glucose molecules are broken down to release energy. It involves a combination of chemical reactions.
                1. Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water (energy released)
                  1. Energy from respiration is locked up in a molecule called ATP. ATP is called upon when the cell requires energy to be released.
                2. Measuring energy release
                  1. The sum of the chemical reactions in the body is called the metabolic rate. It is useful for scientists to be able to measure this rate in experiments so that they can investigate factors that might affect it.
                    1. Since aerobic respiration requires oxygen, a good measure is how quickly an organism, tissue or cell can take up oxygen; this is called the oxygen consumption rate.
                      1. Carbon dioxide output can also be used as a measure of metabolic rate. This will be an estimate because living tissue often uses both aerobic and anaerobic respiration depending on circumstances.
                        1. Due to the fact that respiration is a series of enzyme-controlled reactions, the rate will be influenced by temperature and pH.
                        2. Respiratory Quotient
                          1. The Respiratory quotient measures the ratio between the oxygen that an organism takes in and the carbon dioxide that it gives out.
                            1. To determine which type of substrate molecule is being respired in an organism, a respiratory quotient can be calculated
                              1. RQ - Carbon dioxide produced / Oxygen used.
                                1. The respiration of carbohydrate results in an RQ of 1.0. The respiration of fat gives an RQ of 0.7. The respiration of protein gives an RQ of 0.8.
                                2. Effect of Exercise
                                  1. When a person exercises, their breathing and pulse rate increase to deliver oxygen and glucose to the cells in their muscles more quickly.
                                    1. This increase helps to remove carbon dioxide produced during respiration more quickly.
                                      1. To investigate how heart rate responds to exercise, measure your resting heart rate immediately after exercise. Then measure it every minute until it returns to normal - the time taken to do this is called your recovery rate.
                                      2. Anaerobic respiration
                                        1. Anaerobic respiration takes place in the absence of oxygen. It quickly releases a small amount of energy per gram of glucose through the incomplete breakdown of glucose.
                                          1. Glucose -> Lactic acid (Small quantity of energy released)
                                            1. Anaerobic respiration occurs when the muscles are working so hard that the lungs and circulatory system cannot deliver enough oxygen to break down all the available glucose through aerobic respiration.
                                              1. At this point, anaerobic respiration starts to take place in addition to aerobic respiration.
                                                1. The lactic acid produced during respiration is relatively toxic to the cells and can cause pain (cramp) and a sensation of fatigue in the muscles.
                                                  1. Because anaerobic respiration involves the incomplete breakdown of glucose, much less energy (20th) is released than in aerobic respiration
                                                    1. It can produce energy much faster over a short period of time, until fatigue sets in. This makes anaerobic respiration a real necessity in events that require a short, intense burst of energy.
                                                    2. Recovering after Anaerobic respiration
                                                      1. The heart rate stays high - pumping blood through the muscles to remove the lactic acid and transport it to the liver to be broken down.
                                                        1. Deep breathing continues - ensuring enough oxygen is taken in to oxidise the lactic acid (producing carbon dioxide and water)
                                                          1. In effect, the body is taking in the oxygen that was not available for aerobic respiration during exertion. Oxygen debt.
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