Biology B4

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Mind Map on Biology B4, created by livmill7 on 06/11/2014.
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Mind Map by livmill7, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by livmill7 over 10 years ago
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Biology B4
  1. Zonation
    1. The gradual change in the distribution of species across a habitat
      1. A gradual change in abiotic factors can lead to the zonation of organisms in a habitat
        1. A coastal zone;changes in salinity and soil depth where different types of plants grow
          1. Biodiversity=a measure of the variety of life in an area. A high level of biodiversity is healthy because if conditions in a habitat change some organisms will survive
          2. Population
            1. Population is all the organisms of one species in a habitat
              1. Community is the population of different species in on habitat
              2. population size = number in first sample x number in second sample / number in second sample previously marked
                1. Capture-Recapture... 1.Capture a sample of the population and mark animals. 2 Release them back into the environment. 3. Recapture another sample of the population, count how many of this sample are marked. 4. Estimate population size using the equation.
                2. Photosynthesis
                  1. 6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
                    1. Van Helmont : Decided that plants gain mass by taking in water. He dried soil and put it in a pot. He then planted a 2.2kg tree in the soil. He watered the plant whenever it was dry. 5 years later he removed the plant and it weighed 76.7kg. The mass of the soil changed very little so he concluded that the tree gained mass by taking in the water
                    2. Water is split by light energy into oxygen and hydrogen ions.
                      1. Glucose is converted into other substances... 1. For respiration. 2. Making cell walls (glucose is converted into cellulose). 3. Stored in seeds (glucose is tuned into lipids) 4. Stored as starch (for use when photosynthesis is not happening at night, starch is insoluble so it does not dissolve or affect water concentration) 5. Making proteins (by combining with nitrates.
                      2. Diffusion
                        1. The net movement of particles from a region of high concentration to low concentration
                          1. The rate of diffusion is increased if.... Molecules have a short distance, a large surface area and a large concentration gradient.
                          2. Transport in plants
                            1. Xylem : Carries water and minerals from the roots and leaves (one way). Adapted to form xylem vessels when cells die to carry water and extra lignin to make it strong. Aids photosynthesis
                              1. Phloem : Carries dissolved foods from leaves to the rest of the plant. Adapted:Cells are alive to pass sugars to other cells, long and thin to transport sugar. Aids respiration and storage of starch.
                              2. Decay
                                1. The break down of dead plants and animals
                                  1. what is needed for decay? 1. Microorganisms (fungi or bacteria) 2. Heat energy for respiration (fungi 25' Respiration 37') 3. Oxygen for aerobic respiration. 4. Moisture
                                  2. Preserving food.... -Vinegar creates an acidic environment which kills harmful bacteria and fungi in food. -Freezing slows down reproduction of bacteria. -Canning -Sugar or Salt means bacteria lose water which damages the cell e.g osmosis
                                  3. Intensive Farming
                                    1. Trying to produce as much food as possible from your land
                                      1. Methods ; Using herbicides to kill weeds (means that the energy from the sun falls to the crops and not competing plants like weed, Using pesticides to kill insects that eat crops (this makes sure no energy is transfered into a different food chain and is all saved for growing crops), Battery farming animals (animals are kept indoors so they are warm and cannot move about which saves energy from the animals moving round and trying to keep warm
                                        1. Disadvantages - Careless use of fertilisers can pollute rivers and lakes (eutrophication). -Pesticides disturb food chains -Some people think intensive farming of animals is cruel as they cant move around
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