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Adsorption

Penetration

Uncoating

Synthesis

Where are DNA viruses replicated and assembled?

Where are RNA viruses replicated and assembled?

Assembly

Release

Cytopathic effects

Inclusion bodies

Synctia

Transformation

Results of viral infections

Viruses and cancer

Characteristics of bacteriophages

T-even bacteriophages

Lysogeny

Lysogenic induction

Heterotroph

Autotroph

Phototroph

Chemotroph

Photoautotrophs

Chemoautotrophs :
Chemoorganic Autotrophs

Chemoautotrophs:
Lithoautotrophs

Chemoheterotrophs

Saprobes

Parasites

Parasites :
Pathogens

Parasites:
Ectoparasites

Parasites:
Endoparasites

Parasites :
Intracellular Parasites

Parasites :
Obligate Parasites

Transport

Active transport

Endocytosis:
Eating and drinking by cells

Endocytosis :
Endocytosis

Endocytosis :
Phagocytosis

Endocytosis :
Pinocytosis

Cardinal temperature

Cardinal temperatures :
Minimum temperature

Cardinal temperature :
Maximum temperature

Cardinal temperature :
Optimum temperature

Gases

Microbes fall into one of three categories

How microbes process oxygen

Singlet oxygen (O)

Superoxide ion (O2-)

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Hydroxyl radicals (OH-)

Capnophiles

pH

Acidophiles

Alkalinophiles

Osmophiles

Halophiles

Symbiosis

Symbionts

Mutualism

Commensalism

Parasitism

Antagonism

Antibiosis

Synergism

Biofilms

Binary fission

Generation time or Doubling time

Generation

The rate of population growth

Exponential growth pattern

Exponential growth phase

Actively growing phase

Practical importance of the growth curve

Chemostat

Methods of microbial control

Primary targets of microbial control

Bacterial endospores

Sterilization and disinfection

Bactericide

Fungicide

Virucide

Sporicide

Germicide/microbicide

Sepsis

Asepsis

Aseptic technique

Antiseptics

Stasis/static

Bacteristatic

Fungistatic

Microbial death

Factors affecting death rate

Cellular targets of physical and chemical agents

Methods of physical control : Heat

Moist heat

Dry heat

Heat resistance

Thermal death time (TDT)

Thermal death point (TDP)

Effects of cold

Psychrophiles

Desiccation

Lyophilization

Radiation

Filtration

Osmotic pressure

Chemical agents in microbial control

Aqueous solutions

Tinctures

Selecting a microbicidal chemical

High-level germicides

Intermediate-level germicides

Low-level germicides

Chemotherapeutic drug

Prophlaxis

Antimicrobial chemotherapy

Antibiotics

Semisynthetic drugs

Synthetic drugs

Narrow spectrum (limited spectrum)

Broad spectrum (extended spectrum)

Before actual antimicrobial therapy can begin, 3 factors must be known

Identifying the agent

Testing for drug susceptibility

Testing for drug susceptibility : Kirby-Bauer technique

Testing for drug susceptibility : Tube dilution tests

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

Therapeutic index

Goal of antimicrobial drugs

Selectively toxic

Drugs with excellent selective toxicity

Drugs most toxic to humans

Goals of chemotherapy

Antimicrobial drug categories

Antibiotics and biofilms

Strategies for treating biofilm infections

Agents to treat fungal infections

Modes of action of antiviral agents

Probiotics

Prebiotics

Drug resistance

Development of drug resistance

Chromosomal drug resistance

Resistance through horizontal transfer

How did drug resistance become a problem?

Bacteria outsmart antibiotics

Preventing drug resistance

"Super bug"

New approaches to antimicrobial therapy

CDIF

MRSA

MRSA symptoms

VRE

Tuberculosis

Primary Tuberculosis

Secondary tuberculosis

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis

Diagnosing tuberculosis

MDR-TB
(Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis)

Normal resident biota

Resident microbes

Transient microbes

Opportunists

Stages in infections : Finding a portal of entry

Stages in infections : Attaching firmly

Stages in infections : Surviving host defenses

Stages in infections : Causing damage (disease)

Stages in infections : Exiting host

Progress of infection

Sign

Symptom

Syndrome

Latency

Sequelae

Pathogen

Virulence

Infection

Communicable

Virulence factors

Pathogenicity

Bacterial toxins

Toxigenicity

Toxinoses

Toxemias

Intoxications

Signs of infection in the blood

Septicemia

Bacteremia or Viremia

Reservoir

Source

Carrier

Vector

Biological vector

Mechanical vector

Zoonosis

Nonliving reservoirs

Direct contact

Vertical transmission

Indirect contact

Droplet

Communicable vs Contagious vs Noncommunicable

Epidemiology

Etiologic agent

Robert Koch

Koch's Postulates

Koch's Postulates

Exceptions to Koch's Postulates

Epidemic

Pandemic

Endemic

Sporadic

Incidence

Prevalence

ID50

LD50

Nosocomial infections

Barrier precautions

Sharps precautions

Dental precautions

Hand washing precautions

Saliva precautions

Health care worker precautions

Protein synthesis inhibitors that act on ribosomes

Drugs that act on folic acid synthesis in the cytoplasm

Cell wall inhibitors

Drugs that act on the cell membrane

Drugs that act on DNA/RNA

Cellular target : cellular synthesis

Cellular target : cell membrane

Cellular target : cell wall

Cellular target : proteins